Milk Quality Parameters of Raw Milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis
With the objective of evaluating the quality parameters of raw milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 73 studies on raw milk produced in different regions of Ecuador was performed. Under the random effects model, effect size and heterogeneity were determined...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/21/3351 |
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| author | Byron Puga-Torres Eduardo Aragón Vásquez Lenin Ron Vanessa Álvarez Salomé Bonilla Aldair Guzmán Diego Lara David De la Torre |
| author_facet | Byron Puga-Torres Eduardo Aragón Vásquez Lenin Ron Vanessa Álvarez Salomé Bonilla Aldair Guzmán Diego Lara David De la Torre |
| author_sort | Byron Puga-Torres |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With the objective of evaluating the quality parameters of raw milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 73 studies on raw milk produced in different regions of Ecuador was performed. Under the random effects model, effect size and heterogeneity were determined vs. climatic region both among analyses and studies, with Cochran’s Q, I<sup>2</sup> and Tau (π) statistics. For all the variables, it was observed that there was great heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> > 90%) among the studies; additionally, it was found that climatic region had an influence only among the variables arsenic, mercury, pH and total solids, and it was greater in the coastal region than the Inter-Andean region. The mean values of the physicochemical characteristics of the milk (titratable acidity, ash, cryoscopy, fat, lactose, pH, protein, non-fat solids and total solids) in the great majority of these studies were within the range allowed by Ecuadorian regulations. As for the hygienic quality of raw milk (total bacterial count, somatic cell count and presence of reductase), although the mean values were within those determined by local legislation, it should be noted that the range established by Ecuadorian regulations is relatively much higher compared to other regulations, which possibly means that there is a high presence of bacteria and somatic cells in raw milk. Finally, the presence of several adulterants (added water) and contaminants (AFM1, antibiotics and heavy metals) was confirmed in the milk, in addition to other substances such as eprinomectin, zearalenone and ptaquilosides, whose presence can be very dangerous, because they can be hepatotoxic, immunotoxic and even carcinogenic. In conclusion, there is great variability among the studies reviewed, with the physicochemical characteristics being the most compliant with Ecuadorian legislation; the hygienic characteristics, adulterants and contaminants of raw milk require greater attention by producers and local authorities, so that they do not harm the health of consumers and the profitability of producers in Ecuador. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:05:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2ed5edbf6db24c1293e5a696994f0b18 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:05:13Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-2ed5edbf6db24c1293e5a696994f0b182023-11-24T04:39:25ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582022-10-011121335110.3390/foods11213351Milk Quality Parameters of Raw Milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-AnalysisByron Puga-Torres0Eduardo Aragón Vásquez1Lenin Ron2Vanessa Álvarez3Salomé Bonilla4Aldair Guzmán5Diego Lara6David De la Torre7Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, EcuadorFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, EcuadorFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, EcuadorFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, EcuadorFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, EcuadorFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, EcuadorFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, EcuadorFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, EcuadorWith the objective of evaluating the quality parameters of raw milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 73 studies on raw milk produced in different regions of Ecuador was performed. Under the random effects model, effect size and heterogeneity were determined vs. climatic region both among analyses and studies, with Cochran’s Q, I<sup>2</sup> and Tau (π) statistics. For all the variables, it was observed that there was great heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> > 90%) among the studies; additionally, it was found that climatic region had an influence only among the variables arsenic, mercury, pH and total solids, and it was greater in the coastal region than the Inter-Andean region. The mean values of the physicochemical characteristics of the milk (titratable acidity, ash, cryoscopy, fat, lactose, pH, protein, non-fat solids and total solids) in the great majority of these studies were within the range allowed by Ecuadorian regulations. As for the hygienic quality of raw milk (total bacterial count, somatic cell count and presence of reductase), although the mean values were within those determined by local legislation, it should be noted that the range established by Ecuadorian regulations is relatively much higher compared to other regulations, which possibly means that there is a high presence of bacteria and somatic cells in raw milk. Finally, the presence of several adulterants (added water) and contaminants (AFM1, antibiotics and heavy metals) was confirmed in the milk, in addition to other substances such as eprinomectin, zearalenone and ptaquilosides, whose presence can be very dangerous, because they can be hepatotoxic, immunotoxic and even carcinogenic. In conclusion, there is great variability among the studies reviewed, with the physicochemical characteristics being the most compliant with Ecuadorian legislation; the hygienic characteristics, adulterants and contaminants of raw milk require greater attention by producers and local authorities, so that they do not harm the health of consumers and the profitability of producers in Ecuador.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/21/3351raw milkmilk quality parametersEcuadormeta-analysis |
| spellingShingle | Byron Puga-Torres Eduardo Aragón Vásquez Lenin Ron Vanessa Álvarez Salomé Bonilla Aldair Guzmán Diego Lara David De la Torre Milk Quality Parameters of Raw Milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis Foods raw milk milk quality parameters Ecuador meta-analysis |
| title | Milk Quality Parameters of Raw Milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full | Milk Quality Parameters of Raw Milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Milk Quality Parameters of Raw Milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Milk Quality Parameters of Raw Milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_short | Milk Quality Parameters of Raw Milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_sort | milk quality parameters of raw milk in ecuador between 2010 and 2020 a systematic literature review and meta analysis |
| topic | raw milk milk quality parameters Ecuador meta-analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/21/3351 |
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