Recent Scientific Advancements towards a Vaccine against Group A <i>Streptococcus</i>
Group A <i>Streptococcus</i> (GAS), or <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>, is a gram-positive bacterium that extensively colonises within the human host. GAS is responsible for causing a range of human infections, such as pharyngitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, septicemia, and necro...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/3/272 |
| _version_ | 1797239079616643072 |
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| author | Jingyi Fan Istvan Toth Rachel J. Stephenson |
| author_facet | Jingyi Fan Istvan Toth Rachel J. Stephenson |
| author_sort | Jingyi Fan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Group A <i>Streptococcus</i> (GAS), or <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>, is a gram-positive bacterium that extensively colonises within the human host. GAS is responsible for causing a range of human infections, such as pharyngitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, septicemia, and necrotising fasciitis. GAS pathogens have the potential to elicit fatal autoimmune sequelae diseases (including rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseases) due to recurrent GAS infections, leading to high morbidity and mortality of young children and the elderly worldwide. Antibiotic drugs are the primary method of controlling and treating the early stages of GAS infection; however, the recent identification of clinical GAS isolates with reduced sensitivity to penicillin-adjunctive antibiotics and increasing macrolide resistance is an increasing threat. Vaccination is credited as the most successful medical intervention against infectious diseases since it was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796. Immunisation with an inactive/live-attenuated whole pathogen or selective pathogen-derived antigens induces a potent adaptive immunity and protection against infectious diseases. Although no GAS vaccines have been approved for the market following more than 100 years of GAS vaccine development, the understanding of GAS pathogenesis and transmission has significantly increased, providing detailed insight into the primary pathogenic proteins, and enhancing GAS vaccine design. This review highlights recent advances in GAS vaccine development, providing detailed data from preclinical and clinical studies across the globe for potential GAS vaccine candidates. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives on the development of GAS vaccines are also described. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:45:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2ee18372f7c142c88a12cfeb863613de |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:45:50Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-2ee18372f7c142c88a12cfeb863613de2024-03-27T14:06:59ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2024-03-0112327210.3390/vaccines12030272Recent Scientific Advancements towards a Vaccine against Group A <i>Streptococcus</i>Jingyi Fan0Istvan Toth1Rachel J. Stephenson2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaGroup A <i>Streptococcus</i> (GAS), or <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>, is a gram-positive bacterium that extensively colonises within the human host. GAS is responsible for causing a range of human infections, such as pharyngitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, septicemia, and necrotising fasciitis. GAS pathogens have the potential to elicit fatal autoimmune sequelae diseases (including rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseases) due to recurrent GAS infections, leading to high morbidity and mortality of young children and the elderly worldwide. Antibiotic drugs are the primary method of controlling and treating the early stages of GAS infection; however, the recent identification of clinical GAS isolates with reduced sensitivity to penicillin-adjunctive antibiotics and increasing macrolide resistance is an increasing threat. Vaccination is credited as the most successful medical intervention against infectious diseases since it was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796. Immunisation with an inactive/live-attenuated whole pathogen or selective pathogen-derived antigens induces a potent adaptive immunity and protection against infectious diseases. Although no GAS vaccines have been approved for the market following more than 100 years of GAS vaccine development, the understanding of GAS pathogenesis and transmission has significantly increased, providing detailed insight into the primary pathogenic proteins, and enhancing GAS vaccine design. This review highlights recent advances in GAS vaccine development, providing detailed data from preclinical and clinical studies across the globe for potential GAS vaccine candidates. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives on the development of GAS vaccines are also described.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/3/272Group A <i>Streptococcus</i>peptide-based subunit vaccinesGAS vaccine candidatespreclinical studiesclinical studies |
| spellingShingle | Jingyi Fan Istvan Toth Rachel J. Stephenson Recent Scientific Advancements towards a Vaccine against Group A <i>Streptococcus</i> Vaccines Group A <i>Streptococcus</i> peptide-based subunit vaccines GAS vaccine candidates preclinical studies clinical studies |
| title | Recent Scientific Advancements towards a Vaccine against Group A <i>Streptococcus</i> |
| title_full | Recent Scientific Advancements towards a Vaccine against Group A <i>Streptococcus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Recent Scientific Advancements towards a Vaccine against Group A <i>Streptococcus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recent Scientific Advancements towards a Vaccine against Group A <i>Streptococcus</i> |
| title_short | Recent Scientific Advancements towards a Vaccine against Group A <i>Streptococcus</i> |
| title_sort | recent scientific advancements towards a vaccine against group a i streptococcus i |
| topic | Group A <i>Streptococcus</i> peptide-based subunit vaccines GAS vaccine candidates preclinical studies clinical studies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/3/272 |
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