Proteomics Reveals Octyl Gallate as an Environmentally Friendly Wood Preservative Leading to Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Metabolic Inflexibility and Growth Inhibition in White-Rot Fungi (<i>Lenzites betulina</i> and <i>Trametes versicolor</i>)
The most commonly applied wood preservatives are based on creosote, pentachlorophenol, and waterborne chromate copper arsenate, which negatively affect the environment. Thus, environmentally friendly wood preservatives are required. This study investigated the antifungal activity and mechanism of se...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/2/145 |
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| author | Jin-Wei Xu Chen-Chung Liao Ke-Chang Hung Zhong-Yao Wang Yu-Tang Tung Jyh-Horng Wu |
| author_facet | Jin-Wei Xu Chen-Chung Liao Ke-Chang Hung Zhong-Yao Wang Yu-Tang Tung Jyh-Horng Wu |
| author_sort | Jin-Wei Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The most commonly applied wood preservatives are based on creosote, pentachlorophenol, and waterborne chromate copper arsenate, which negatively affect the environment. Thus, environmentally friendly wood preservatives are required. This study investigated the antifungal activity and mechanism of several long-chain alkyl gallates (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoates) against white-rot fungi, <i>Lenzites betulina</i> and <i>Trametes versicolor</i>. The results revealed that octyl gallate (OG) had the best antifungal activity. Additionally, OG may have a mechanism of action similar to surfactants and inhibit ATPase activity, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Upon exposure to endogenous ROS, cells rapidly inhibit the synthesis of 60S ribosomal subunits, thus reducing the mycelial growth rate. <i>L. betulina</i> and <i>T. versicolor</i> also remodeled their energy metabolism in response to low ATP levels and endogenous ROS. After OG treatment, ATP citrate synthase activity was downregulated and glycolytic activity was upregulated in <i>L. betulina</i>. However, the activity of aerobic pathways was decreased and the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway was redirected form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to minimize endogenous ROS-mediated damage in <i>T. versicolor</i>. Taken together, these observations reveal that OG is a potent inhibitor of white-rot fungus. Further structural optimization research and pharmacological investigations are warranted. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:48:23Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:48:23Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
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| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-2ef927c9b12a431cb953398a9318d2bf2023-12-11T17:21:16ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2021-02-017214510.3390/jof7020145Proteomics Reveals Octyl Gallate as an Environmentally Friendly Wood Preservative Leading to Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Metabolic Inflexibility and Growth Inhibition in White-Rot Fungi (<i>Lenzites betulina</i> and <i>Trametes versicolor</i>)Jin-Wei Xu0Chen-Chung Liao1Ke-Chang Hung2Zhong-Yao Wang3Yu-Tang Tung4Jyh-Horng Wu5Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, TaiwanProteomics Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, TaiwanDepartment of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, TaiwanDepartment of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, TaiwanGraduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, TaiwanDepartment of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, TaiwanThe most commonly applied wood preservatives are based on creosote, pentachlorophenol, and waterborne chromate copper arsenate, which negatively affect the environment. Thus, environmentally friendly wood preservatives are required. This study investigated the antifungal activity and mechanism of several long-chain alkyl gallates (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoates) against white-rot fungi, <i>Lenzites betulina</i> and <i>Trametes versicolor</i>. The results revealed that octyl gallate (OG) had the best antifungal activity. Additionally, OG may have a mechanism of action similar to surfactants and inhibit ATPase activity, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Upon exposure to endogenous ROS, cells rapidly inhibit the synthesis of 60S ribosomal subunits, thus reducing the mycelial growth rate. <i>L. betulina</i> and <i>T. versicolor</i> also remodeled their energy metabolism in response to low ATP levels and endogenous ROS. After OG treatment, ATP citrate synthase activity was downregulated and glycolytic activity was upregulated in <i>L. betulina</i>. However, the activity of aerobic pathways was decreased and the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway was redirected form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to minimize endogenous ROS-mediated damage in <i>T. versicolor</i>. Taken together, these observations reveal that OG is a potent inhibitor of white-rot fungus. Further structural optimization research and pharmacological investigations are warranted.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/2/145antifungal activitywhite-rot fungusoctyl gallateproteomicsmitochondrial dysfunctionwood preservative |
| spellingShingle | Jin-Wei Xu Chen-Chung Liao Ke-Chang Hung Zhong-Yao Wang Yu-Tang Tung Jyh-Horng Wu Proteomics Reveals Octyl Gallate as an Environmentally Friendly Wood Preservative Leading to Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Metabolic Inflexibility and Growth Inhibition in White-Rot Fungi (<i>Lenzites betulina</i> and <i>Trametes versicolor</i>) Journal of Fungi antifungal activity white-rot fungus octyl gallate proteomics mitochondrial dysfunction wood preservative |
| title | Proteomics Reveals Octyl Gallate as an Environmentally Friendly Wood Preservative Leading to Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Metabolic Inflexibility and Growth Inhibition in White-Rot Fungi (<i>Lenzites betulina</i> and <i>Trametes versicolor</i>) |
| title_full | Proteomics Reveals Octyl Gallate as an Environmentally Friendly Wood Preservative Leading to Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Metabolic Inflexibility and Growth Inhibition in White-Rot Fungi (<i>Lenzites betulina</i> and <i>Trametes versicolor</i>) |
| title_fullStr | Proteomics Reveals Octyl Gallate as an Environmentally Friendly Wood Preservative Leading to Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Metabolic Inflexibility and Growth Inhibition in White-Rot Fungi (<i>Lenzites betulina</i> and <i>Trametes versicolor</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Proteomics Reveals Octyl Gallate as an Environmentally Friendly Wood Preservative Leading to Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Metabolic Inflexibility and Growth Inhibition in White-Rot Fungi (<i>Lenzites betulina</i> and <i>Trametes versicolor</i>) |
| title_short | Proteomics Reveals Octyl Gallate as an Environmentally Friendly Wood Preservative Leading to Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Metabolic Inflexibility and Growth Inhibition in White-Rot Fungi (<i>Lenzites betulina</i> and <i>Trametes versicolor</i>) |
| title_sort | proteomics reveals octyl gallate as an environmentally friendly wood preservative leading to reactive oxygen species driven metabolic inflexibility and growth inhibition in white rot fungi i lenzites betulina i and i trametes versicolor i |
| topic | antifungal activity white-rot fungus octyl gallate proteomics mitochondrial dysfunction wood preservative |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/2/145 |
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