Previous immunity shapes immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection risk
Abstract The heterogeneity of the SARS-CoV-2 immune responses has become considerably more complex over time and diverse immune imprinting is observed in vaccinated individuals. Despite vaccination, following the emergence of the Omicron variant, some individuals appear more susceptible to primary i...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Nature Communications |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41342-2 |
| _version_ | 1797558216211562496 |
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| author | Laura Pérez-Alós Cecilie Bo Hansen Jose Juan Almagro Armenteros Johannes Roth Madsen Line Dam Heftdal Rasmus Bo Hasselbalch Mia Marie Pries-Heje Rafael Bayarri-Olmos Ida Jarlhelt Sebastian Rask Hamm Dina Leth Møller Erik Sørensen Sisse Rye Ostrowski Ruth Frikke-Schmidt Linda Maria Hilsted Henning Bundgaard Susanne Dam Nielsen Kasper Karmark Iversen Peter Garred |
| author_facet | Laura Pérez-Alós Cecilie Bo Hansen Jose Juan Almagro Armenteros Johannes Roth Madsen Line Dam Heftdal Rasmus Bo Hasselbalch Mia Marie Pries-Heje Rafael Bayarri-Olmos Ida Jarlhelt Sebastian Rask Hamm Dina Leth Møller Erik Sørensen Sisse Rye Ostrowski Ruth Frikke-Schmidt Linda Maria Hilsted Henning Bundgaard Susanne Dam Nielsen Kasper Karmark Iversen Peter Garred |
| author_sort | Laura Pérez-Alós |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The heterogeneity of the SARS-CoV-2 immune responses has become considerably more complex over time and diverse immune imprinting is observed in vaccinated individuals. Despite vaccination, following the emergence of the Omicron variant, some individuals appear more susceptible to primary infections and reinfections than others, underscoring the need to elucidate how immune responses are influenced by previous infections and vaccination. IgG, IgA, neutralizing antibodies and T-cell immune responses in 1,325 individuals (955 of which were infection-naive) were investigated before and after three doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, examining their relation to breakthrough infections and immune imprinting in the context of Omicron. Our study shows that both humoral and cellular responses following vaccination were generally higher after SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to infection-naive. Notably, viral exposure before vaccination was crucial to achieving a robust IgA response. Individuals with lower IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibody responses postvaccination had a significantly higher risk of reinfection and future Omicron infections. This was not observed for T-cell responses. A primary infection before Omicron and subsequent reinfection with Omicron dampened the humoral and cellular responses compared to a primary Omicron infection, consistent with immune imprinting. These results underscore the significant impact of hybrid immunity for immune responses in general, particularly for IgA responses even after revaccination, and the importance of robust humoral responses in preventing future infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:28:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2ef96c1488124dbea961ebe8604caa6d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2041-1723 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:28:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nature Communications |
| spelling | doaj.art-2ef96c1488124dbea961ebe8604caa6d2023-11-20T10:06:36ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232023-09-0114111510.1038/s41467-023-41342-2Previous immunity shapes immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection riskLaura Pérez-Alós0Cecilie Bo Hansen1Jose Juan Almagro Armenteros2Johannes Roth Madsen3Line Dam Heftdal4Rasmus Bo Hasselbalch5Mia Marie Pries-Heje6Rafael Bayarri-Olmos7Ida Jarlhelt8Sebastian Rask Hamm9Dina Leth Møller10Erik Sørensen11Sisse Rye Ostrowski12Ruth Frikke-Schmidt13Linda Maria Hilsted14Henning Bundgaard15Susanne Dam Nielsen16Kasper Karmark Iversen17Peter Garred18Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletLaboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of MedicineLaboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletViro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 8632, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletDepartment of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and GentofteThe Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletLaboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletLaboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletViro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 8632, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletViro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 8632, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Section 2034, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Section 2034, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletThe Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletViro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 8632, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletDepartment of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and GentofteLaboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletAbstract The heterogeneity of the SARS-CoV-2 immune responses has become considerably more complex over time and diverse immune imprinting is observed in vaccinated individuals. Despite vaccination, following the emergence of the Omicron variant, some individuals appear more susceptible to primary infections and reinfections than others, underscoring the need to elucidate how immune responses are influenced by previous infections and vaccination. IgG, IgA, neutralizing antibodies and T-cell immune responses in 1,325 individuals (955 of which were infection-naive) were investigated before and after three doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, examining their relation to breakthrough infections and immune imprinting in the context of Omicron. Our study shows that both humoral and cellular responses following vaccination were generally higher after SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to infection-naive. Notably, viral exposure before vaccination was crucial to achieving a robust IgA response. Individuals with lower IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibody responses postvaccination had a significantly higher risk of reinfection and future Omicron infections. This was not observed for T-cell responses. A primary infection before Omicron and subsequent reinfection with Omicron dampened the humoral and cellular responses compared to a primary Omicron infection, consistent with immune imprinting. These results underscore the significant impact of hybrid immunity for immune responses in general, particularly for IgA responses even after revaccination, and the importance of robust humoral responses in preventing future infections.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41342-2 |
| spellingShingle | Laura Pérez-Alós Cecilie Bo Hansen Jose Juan Almagro Armenteros Johannes Roth Madsen Line Dam Heftdal Rasmus Bo Hasselbalch Mia Marie Pries-Heje Rafael Bayarri-Olmos Ida Jarlhelt Sebastian Rask Hamm Dina Leth Møller Erik Sørensen Sisse Rye Ostrowski Ruth Frikke-Schmidt Linda Maria Hilsted Henning Bundgaard Susanne Dam Nielsen Kasper Karmark Iversen Peter Garred Previous immunity shapes immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection risk Nature Communications |
| title | Previous immunity shapes immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection risk |
| title_full | Previous immunity shapes immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection risk |
| title_fullStr | Previous immunity shapes immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection risk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Previous immunity shapes immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection risk |
| title_short | Previous immunity shapes immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection risk |
| title_sort | previous immunity shapes immune responses to sars cov 2 booster vaccination and omicron breakthrough infection risk |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41342-2 |
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