The Developmental Implications of Muscle-Targeted Magnetic Mitohormesis: A Human Health and Longevity Perspective
Muscle function reflects muscular mitochondrial status, which, in turn, is an adaptive response to physical activity, representing improvements in energy production for de novo biosynthesis or metabolic efficiency. Differences in muscle performance are manifestations of the expression of distinct co...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Bioengineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/8/956 |
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| author | Alfredo Franco-Obregón Yee Kit Tai Kwan Yu Wu Jan Nikolas Iversen Craig Jun Kit Wong |
| author_facet | Alfredo Franco-Obregón Yee Kit Tai Kwan Yu Wu Jan Nikolas Iversen Craig Jun Kit Wong |
| author_sort | Alfredo Franco-Obregón |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Muscle function reflects muscular mitochondrial status, which, in turn, is an adaptive response to physical activity, representing improvements in energy production for de novo biosynthesis or metabolic efficiency. Differences in muscle performance are manifestations of the expression of distinct contractile-protein isoforms and of mitochondrial-energy substrate utilization. Powerful contractures require immediate energy production from carbohydrates outside the mitochondria that exhaust rapidly. Sustained muscle contractions require aerobic energy production from fatty acids by the mitochondria that is slower and produces less force. These two patterns of muscle force generation are broadly classified as glycolytic or oxidative, respectively, and require disparate levels of increased contractile or mitochondrial protein production, respectively, to be effectively executed. Glycolytic muscle, hence, tends towards fibre hypertrophy, whereas oxidative fibres are more disposed towards increased mitochondrial content and efficiency, rather than hypertrophy. Although developmentally predetermined muscle classes exist, a degree of functional plasticity persists across all muscles post-birth that can be modulated by exercise and generally results in an increase in the oxidative character of muscle. Oxidative muscle is most strongly correlated with organismal metabolic balance and longevity because of the propensity of oxidative muscle for fatty-acid oxidation and associated anti-inflammatory ramifications which occur at the expense of glycolytic-muscle development and hypertrophy. This muscle-class size disparity is often at odds with common expectations that muscle mass should scale positively with improved health and longevity. Brief magnetic-field activation of the muscle mitochondrial pool has been shown to recapitulate key aspects of the oxidative-muscle phenotype with similar metabolic hallmarks. This review discusses the common genetic cascades invoked by endurance exercise and magnetic-field therapy and the potential physiological differences with regards to human health and longevity. Future human studies examining the physiological consequences of magnetic-field therapy are warranted. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2306-5354 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:06:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
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| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-2f03ce8511de4a35b00acf8d804c2bb32023-11-19T00:18:21ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542023-08-0110895610.3390/bioengineering10080956The Developmental Implications of Muscle-Targeted Magnetic Mitohormesis: A Human Health and Longevity PerspectiveAlfredo Franco-Obregón0Yee Kit Tai1Kwan Yu Wu2Jan Nikolas Iversen3Craig Jun Kit Wong4Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, SingaporeDepartment of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, SingaporeDepartment of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, SingaporeDepartment of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, SingaporeDepartment of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, SingaporeMuscle function reflects muscular mitochondrial status, which, in turn, is an adaptive response to physical activity, representing improvements in energy production for de novo biosynthesis or metabolic efficiency. Differences in muscle performance are manifestations of the expression of distinct contractile-protein isoforms and of mitochondrial-energy substrate utilization. Powerful contractures require immediate energy production from carbohydrates outside the mitochondria that exhaust rapidly. Sustained muscle contractions require aerobic energy production from fatty acids by the mitochondria that is slower and produces less force. These two patterns of muscle force generation are broadly classified as glycolytic or oxidative, respectively, and require disparate levels of increased contractile or mitochondrial protein production, respectively, to be effectively executed. Glycolytic muscle, hence, tends towards fibre hypertrophy, whereas oxidative fibres are more disposed towards increased mitochondrial content and efficiency, rather than hypertrophy. Although developmentally predetermined muscle classes exist, a degree of functional plasticity persists across all muscles post-birth that can be modulated by exercise and generally results in an increase in the oxidative character of muscle. Oxidative muscle is most strongly correlated with organismal metabolic balance and longevity because of the propensity of oxidative muscle for fatty-acid oxidation and associated anti-inflammatory ramifications which occur at the expense of glycolytic-muscle development and hypertrophy. This muscle-class size disparity is often at odds with common expectations that muscle mass should scale positively with improved health and longevity. Brief magnetic-field activation of the muscle mitochondrial pool has been shown to recapitulate key aspects of the oxidative-muscle phenotype with similar metabolic hallmarks. This review discusses the common genetic cascades invoked by endurance exercise and magnetic-field therapy and the potential physiological differences with regards to human health and longevity. Future human studies examining the physiological consequences of magnetic-field therapy are warranted.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/8/956healthspanPEMFmagnetic fieldsmuscle secretomeexercise |
| spellingShingle | Alfredo Franco-Obregón Yee Kit Tai Kwan Yu Wu Jan Nikolas Iversen Craig Jun Kit Wong The Developmental Implications of Muscle-Targeted Magnetic Mitohormesis: A Human Health and Longevity Perspective Bioengineering healthspan PEMF magnetic fields muscle secretome exercise |
| title | The Developmental Implications of Muscle-Targeted Magnetic Mitohormesis: A Human Health and Longevity Perspective |
| title_full | The Developmental Implications of Muscle-Targeted Magnetic Mitohormesis: A Human Health and Longevity Perspective |
| title_fullStr | The Developmental Implications of Muscle-Targeted Magnetic Mitohormesis: A Human Health and Longevity Perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Developmental Implications of Muscle-Targeted Magnetic Mitohormesis: A Human Health and Longevity Perspective |
| title_short | The Developmental Implications of Muscle-Targeted Magnetic Mitohormesis: A Human Health and Longevity Perspective |
| title_sort | developmental implications of muscle targeted magnetic mitohormesis a human health and longevity perspective |
| topic | healthspan PEMF magnetic fields muscle secretome exercise |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/8/956 |
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