Effects of ketamine and midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children receiving caudal block: a randomized trial
Background and objectives: Emergence agitation is a common postanaesthetic problem in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia. We aimed to compare the effects of ketamine and midazolam administered intravenously, before the end of surgery, for prevention of emergence agitation in children who receive...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2014-11-01
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| Series: | Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0104001414000086 |
| _version_ | 1811205280134856704 |
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| author | Ayse Ozcan Ayse Gunay Kaya Namik Ozcan Gul Meltem Karaaslan Esen Er Bulent Baltaci Hulya Basar |
| author_facet | Ayse Ozcan Ayse Gunay Kaya Namik Ozcan Gul Meltem Karaaslan Esen Er Bulent Baltaci Hulya Basar |
| author_sort | Ayse Ozcan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background and objectives: Emergence agitation is a common postanaesthetic problem in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia. We aimed to compare the effects of ketamine and midazolam administered intravenously, before the end of surgery, for prevention of emergence agitation in children who received caudal block for pain relief under sevoflurane anaesthesia. Methods: 62 American Society of Anesthesiologists patient classification status I children, aged 2–7 years, scheduled for inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy were enrolled to the study. Anaesthesia was induced with sevoflurane 8% in a mixture of 50% oxygen and nitrous oxide. After achieving adequate depth of anaesthesia, a laryngeal mask was placed and then caudal block was performed with 0.75 mL kg−1, 0.25% bupivacaine. At the end of the surgery, ketamine 0.25 mg kg−1, midazolam 0.03 mg kg−1 and saline were given to ketamine, midazolam and control groups, respectively. Agitation was assessed using Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and postoperative pain was evaluated with modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale. Results and conclusions: Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale scores were found higher in control group than in ketamine and midazolam groups. Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores were similar between groups. Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale and Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores showed a significant decrease by time in all groups during follow-up in postanaesthesia care unit. The present study resulted in satisfactory Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores which are below 10 in all groups. As a conclusion, neither ketamine nor midazolam added to caudal block under sevoflurane anaesthesia did show further effect on emergence agitation. In addition, pain relief still seems to be the major factor in preventing emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia. Resumo: Justificativa e objetivos: A incidência de agitação é um problema pós-anestésico comum em crianças após a anestesia com sevoflurano. Nosso objetivo foi comparar os efeitos de cetamina e midazolam administrados por via intravenosa, antes do término da cirurgia, para prevenir a incidência de agitação em crianças submetidas ao bloqueio caudal para alívio da dor sob anestesia com sevoflurano. Métodos: Foram inscritos no estudo 62 pacientes pediátricos, entre 2-7 anos, estado físico classificado de acordo com a Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologistas (ASA: I), programados para correção de hérnia inguinal, circuncisão ou orquidopexia. A anestesia foi induzida com sevoflurano a 8% em uma mistura de oxigênio (50%) e óxido nitroso (50%). Depois de atingir a profundidade adequada da anestesia, uma máscara laríngea foi colocada e, em seguida, o bloqueio caudal foi feito com bupivacaína a 0,25% (0,75 mL kg−1). No fim da cirurgia, cetamina (0,25 mg kg−1), midazolam (0,03 mg kg−1) e solução salina foram administrados aos grupos cetamina, midazolam e controle, respectivamente. A incidência de agitação foi avaliada com a escala Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) e a dor no período pós-operatório avaliada com a escala modificada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (mCHEOPS). Resultados e conclusões: Os escores de dor da escala modificada mCHEOPS foram maiores no grupo controle do que nos grupos cetamina e midazolam. Os escores PAED foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Os escores dessas duas escalas mostraram uma diminuição significativa do tempo em todos os grupos durante o acompanhamento em sala de recuperação pós-anestesia. O presente estudo resultou em escores satisfatórios da escala PAED, que ficaram abaixo de 10 em todos os grupos. Como conclusão, tanto cetamina quanto midazolam, adicionados ao bloqueio caudal sob anestesia com sevoflurano, não mostraram efeitos adicionais sobre a incidência de agitação. Além disso, o alívio da dor ainda parece ser o principal fator na prevenção da incidência de agitação após anestesia com sevoflurano. Keywords: Caudal block, Children, Emergence agitation, Sevoflurane anaesthesia, Ketamine, Midazolam, Palavras-chave: Bloqueio caudal, Crianças, Incidência de agitação, Anestesia com sevoflurano, Cetamina, Midazolam |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T03:28:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2f18a587ab814ecfa9a29e7896eab8e5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0104-0014 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T03:28:02Z |
| publishDate | 2014-11-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-2f18a587ab814ecfa9a29e7896eab8e52022-12-22T03:49:37ZengElsevierBrazilian Journal of Anesthesiology0104-00142014-11-01646377381Effects of ketamine and midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children receiving caudal block: a randomized trialAyse Ozcan0Ayse Gunay Kaya1Namik Ozcan2Gul Meltem Karaaslan3Esen Er4Bulent Baltaci5Hulya Basar6Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Corresponding author.Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyAnesthesiology and Reanimation Clinic, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van, TurkeyDepartment of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyBackground and objectives: Emergence agitation is a common postanaesthetic problem in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia. We aimed to compare the effects of ketamine and midazolam administered intravenously, before the end of surgery, for prevention of emergence agitation in children who received caudal block for pain relief under sevoflurane anaesthesia. Methods: 62 American Society of Anesthesiologists patient classification status I children, aged 2–7 years, scheduled for inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy were enrolled to the study. Anaesthesia was induced with sevoflurane 8% in a mixture of 50% oxygen and nitrous oxide. After achieving adequate depth of anaesthesia, a laryngeal mask was placed and then caudal block was performed with 0.75 mL kg−1, 0.25% bupivacaine. At the end of the surgery, ketamine 0.25 mg kg−1, midazolam 0.03 mg kg−1 and saline were given to ketamine, midazolam and control groups, respectively. Agitation was assessed using Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and postoperative pain was evaluated with modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale. Results and conclusions: Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale scores were found higher in control group than in ketamine and midazolam groups. Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores were similar between groups. Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale and Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores showed a significant decrease by time in all groups during follow-up in postanaesthesia care unit. The present study resulted in satisfactory Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores which are below 10 in all groups. As a conclusion, neither ketamine nor midazolam added to caudal block under sevoflurane anaesthesia did show further effect on emergence agitation. In addition, pain relief still seems to be the major factor in preventing emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia. Resumo: Justificativa e objetivos: A incidência de agitação é um problema pós-anestésico comum em crianças após a anestesia com sevoflurano. Nosso objetivo foi comparar os efeitos de cetamina e midazolam administrados por via intravenosa, antes do término da cirurgia, para prevenir a incidência de agitação em crianças submetidas ao bloqueio caudal para alívio da dor sob anestesia com sevoflurano. Métodos: Foram inscritos no estudo 62 pacientes pediátricos, entre 2-7 anos, estado físico classificado de acordo com a Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologistas (ASA: I), programados para correção de hérnia inguinal, circuncisão ou orquidopexia. A anestesia foi induzida com sevoflurano a 8% em uma mistura de oxigênio (50%) e óxido nitroso (50%). Depois de atingir a profundidade adequada da anestesia, uma máscara laríngea foi colocada e, em seguida, o bloqueio caudal foi feito com bupivacaína a 0,25% (0,75 mL kg−1). No fim da cirurgia, cetamina (0,25 mg kg−1), midazolam (0,03 mg kg−1) e solução salina foram administrados aos grupos cetamina, midazolam e controle, respectivamente. A incidência de agitação foi avaliada com a escala Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) e a dor no período pós-operatório avaliada com a escala modificada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (mCHEOPS). Resultados e conclusões: Os escores de dor da escala modificada mCHEOPS foram maiores no grupo controle do que nos grupos cetamina e midazolam. Os escores PAED foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Os escores dessas duas escalas mostraram uma diminuição significativa do tempo em todos os grupos durante o acompanhamento em sala de recuperação pós-anestesia. O presente estudo resultou em escores satisfatórios da escala PAED, que ficaram abaixo de 10 em todos os grupos. Como conclusão, tanto cetamina quanto midazolam, adicionados ao bloqueio caudal sob anestesia com sevoflurano, não mostraram efeitos adicionais sobre a incidência de agitação. Além disso, o alívio da dor ainda parece ser o principal fator na prevenção da incidência de agitação após anestesia com sevoflurano. Keywords: Caudal block, Children, Emergence agitation, Sevoflurane anaesthesia, Ketamine, Midazolam, Palavras-chave: Bloqueio caudal, Crianças, Incidência de agitação, Anestesia com sevoflurano, Cetamina, Midazolamhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0104001414000086 |
| spellingShingle | Ayse Ozcan Ayse Gunay Kaya Namik Ozcan Gul Meltem Karaaslan Esen Er Bulent Baltaci Hulya Basar Effects of ketamine and midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children receiving caudal block: a randomized trial Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology |
| title | Effects of ketamine and midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children receiving caudal block: a randomized trial |
| title_full | Effects of ketamine and midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children receiving caudal block: a randomized trial |
| title_fullStr | Effects of ketamine and midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children receiving caudal block: a randomized trial |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of ketamine and midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children receiving caudal block: a randomized trial |
| title_short | Effects of ketamine and midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children receiving caudal block: a randomized trial |
| title_sort | effects of ketamine and midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children receiving caudal block a randomized trial |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0104001414000086 |
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