Evaluation of Soil S Pools under 23 Years of Maize Monoculture
Sulfur nutrition is a critical part of proper crop growth and development. In our study, biomass yields (BY) and S uptake were investigated on long-term maize monoculture on haplic luvisol soil during the 23 years of this trial, as well as changes in water extractable (S<sub>w</sub>), ad...
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| author | Pavel Suran Martin Kulhánek Jiří Balík Jindřich Černý Ondřej Sedlář |
| author_facet | Pavel Suran Martin Kulhánek Jiří Balík Jindřich Černý Ondřej Sedlář |
| author_sort | Pavel Suran |
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| description | Sulfur nutrition is a critical part of proper crop growth and development. In our study, biomass yields (BY) and S uptake were investigated on long-term maize monoculture on haplic luvisol soil during the 23 years of this trial, as well as changes in water extractable (S<sub>w</sub>), adsorbed (S<sub>ads</sub>), mineral (S<sub>av</sub>), and pseudo-total S (S<sub>t</sub>) fractions. Treatments used in this study are: (1) Control (Cont); (2) ammonium sulfate (AS); (3) urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN); (4) UAN + phosphorus and potassium (UAN + PK); (5) UAN + phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur (UAN + PMgS); and (6) Fallow. Recently, the Mehlich 3 method started to be used in the Czech Republic to determine content of plant available S. Using this method, it was found that the content of S extracted by Mehlich 3 (S<sub>M3</sub>) closely correlates to S<sub>av</sub> in both topsoil and subsoil (r = 0.958 in 1997 and 0.990 in 2019, both at <i>p</i> < 0.001). We also found that, on average, during the entire experiment, all treatments had increased yields over Cont (135–147%) and increased S uptake (291, 192, 180, and 246% of Cont for AS, UAN, UAN + PK, and UAN + PMgS, respectively). Examining the changes from 1997 to 2019 in topsoil (0–30 cm depth), we discovered a decrease of S content in S<sub>w</sub>, S<sub>ads</sub>, S<sub>av</sub>, and S<sub>t</sub> fractions on all treatments to an average of 34.6%, 65.8%, 42.2%, and 78.6% of their initial values. The exception was AS treatment, which doubled its initial content in mineral fractions and maintained the same levels of S<sub>t</sub>, and which we attribute to the very high dose of S on this treatment (142 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>). Using the simple balance method, AS and UAN + PMgS treatments lost 142.2 and 95.3 kg S ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup> to other sinks, except plant uptake, from the entire soil profile (0–60 cm) during 23 years of experiment. Other treatments also show significant losses with the exception of Fallow. Given these results, it is clear that content of sulfur in soil is generally decreasing and attention should be paid mainly towards minimizing of its losses. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-2f5dc41514c142129f17ade90a1d24f42023-11-23T03:20:52ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952021-11-011112237610.3390/agronomy11122376Evaluation of Soil S Pools under 23 Years of Maize MonoculturePavel Suran0Martin Kulhánek1Jiří Balík2Jindřich Černý3Ondřej Sedlář4Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech RepublicSulfur nutrition is a critical part of proper crop growth and development. In our study, biomass yields (BY) and S uptake were investigated on long-term maize monoculture on haplic luvisol soil during the 23 years of this trial, as well as changes in water extractable (S<sub>w</sub>), adsorbed (S<sub>ads</sub>), mineral (S<sub>av</sub>), and pseudo-total S (S<sub>t</sub>) fractions. Treatments used in this study are: (1) Control (Cont); (2) ammonium sulfate (AS); (3) urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN); (4) UAN + phosphorus and potassium (UAN + PK); (5) UAN + phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur (UAN + PMgS); and (6) Fallow. Recently, the Mehlich 3 method started to be used in the Czech Republic to determine content of plant available S. Using this method, it was found that the content of S extracted by Mehlich 3 (S<sub>M3</sub>) closely correlates to S<sub>av</sub> in both topsoil and subsoil (r = 0.958 in 1997 and 0.990 in 2019, both at <i>p</i> < 0.001). We also found that, on average, during the entire experiment, all treatments had increased yields over Cont (135–147%) and increased S uptake (291, 192, 180, and 246% of Cont for AS, UAN, UAN + PK, and UAN + PMgS, respectively). Examining the changes from 1997 to 2019 in topsoil (0–30 cm depth), we discovered a decrease of S content in S<sub>w</sub>, S<sub>ads</sub>, S<sub>av</sub>, and S<sub>t</sub> fractions on all treatments to an average of 34.6%, 65.8%, 42.2%, and 78.6% of their initial values. The exception was AS treatment, which doubled its initial content in mineral fractions and maintained the same levels of S<sub>t</sub>, and which we attribute to the very high dose of S on this treatment (142 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>). Using the simple balance method, AS and UAN + PMgS treatments lost 142.2 and 95.3 kg S ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup> to other sinks, except plant uptake, from the entire soil profile (0–60 cm) during 23 years of experiment. Other treatments also show significant losses with the exception of Fallow. Given these results, it is clear that content of sulfur in soil is generally decreasing and attention should be paid mainly towards minimizing of its losses.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/12/2376cornmineral fertilizingsoil sulfur fractionsulfur balanceMehlich 3 |
| spellingShingle | Pavel Suran Martin Kulhánek Jiří Balík Jindřich Černý Ondřej Sedlář Evaluation of Soil S Pools under 23 Years of Maize Monoculture Agronomy corn mineral fertilizing soil sulfur fraction sulfur balance Mehlich 3 |
| title | Evaluation of Soil S Pools under 23 Years of Maize Monoculture |
| title_full | Evaluation of Soil S Pools under 23 Years of Maize Monoculture |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Soil S Pools under 23 Years of Maize Monoculture |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Soil S Pools under 23 Years of Maize Monoculture |
| title_short | Evaluation of Soil S Pools under 23 Years of Maize Monoculture |
| title_sort | evaluation of soil s pools under 23 years of maize monoculture |
| topic | corn mineral fertilizing soil sulfur fraction sulfur balance Mehlich 3 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/12/2376 |
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