Low-density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis
Among the diseases causing human death, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains number one according to the World Health Organization report in 2021. It is known that atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of CVD. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.931931/full |
| _version_ | 1811282620800040960 |
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| author | Ya-Nan Qiao Yan-Li Zou Shou-Dong Guo |
| author_facet | Ya-Nan Qiao Yan-Li Zou Shou-Dong Guo |
| author_sort | Ya-Nan Qiao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Among the diseases causing human death, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains number one according to the World Health Organization report in 2021. It is known that atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of CVD. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD). LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) is the traditional biological marker of LDL. However, large numbers of patients who have achieved the recommended LDL-C goals still have ASCVD risk. In multiple prospective studies, LDL particle (LDL-P) is reported to be more accurate in predicting CVD risk than LDL-C. LDL-Ps differ in size, density and chemical composition. Numerous clinical studies have proved that the atherogenic mechanisms of LDL-Ps are determined not only by LDL number and size but also by LDL modifications. Of note, small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles possess stronger atherogenic ability compared with large and intermediate LDL subfractions. Besides, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) is another risk factor in atherosclerosis. Among the traditional lipid-lowering drugs, statins induce dramatic reductions in LDL-C and LDL-P to a lesser extend. Recently, proprotein convertase subtilsin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) have been demonstrated to be effective in lowering the levels of LDL-C, LDL-P, as well as CVD events. In this article, we will make a short review of LDL metabolism, discuss the discordance between LDL-C and LDL-P, outline the atherogenic mechanisms of action of LDL by focusing on sdLDL and ox-LDL, summarize the methods used for measurement of LDL subclasses, and conclude the advances in LDL-lowering therapies using statins and PCSK9i. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T01:55:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2f6747ac04854254b172a7776ef99bd8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T01:55:53Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-2f6747ac04854254b172a7776ef99bd82022-12-22T03:07:46ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2022-08-011310.3389/fphys.2022.931931931931Low-density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosisYa-Nan QiaoYan-Li ZouShou-Dong GuoAmong the diseases causing human death, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains number one according to the World Health Organization report in 2021. It is known that atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of CVD. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD). LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) is the traditional biological marker of LDL. However, large numbers of patients who have achieved the recommended LDL-C goals still have ASCVD risk. In multiple prospective studies, LDL particle (LDL-P) is reported to be more accurate in predicting CVD risk than LDL-C. LDL-Ps differ in size, density and chemical composition. Numerous clinical studies have proved that the atherogenic mechanisms of LDL-Ps are determined not only by LDL number and size but also by LDL modifications. Of note, small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles possess stronger atherogenic ability compared with large and intermediate LDL subfractions. Besides, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) is another risk factor in atherosclerosis. Among the traditional lipid-lowering drugs, statins induce dramatic reductions in LDL-C and LDL-P to a lesser extend. Recently, proprotein convertase subtilsin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) have been demonstrated to be effective in lowering the levels of LDL-C, LDL-P, as well as CVD events. In this article, we will make a short review of LDL metabolism, discuss the discordance between LDL-C and LDL-P, outline the atherogenic mechanisms of action of LDL by focusing on sdLDL and ox-LDL, summarize the methods used for measurement of LDL subclasses, and conclude the advances in LDL-lowering therapies using statins and PCSK9i.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.931931/fullLDL particlePCSK9atherosclerosiscardiovascular diseasePCSK9 inhibitor |
| spellingShingle | Ya-Nan Qiao Yan-Li Zou Shou-Dong Guo Low-density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis Frontiers in Physiology LDL particle PCSK9 atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease PCSK9 inhibitor |
| title | Low-density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis |
| title_full | Low-density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis |
| title_fullStr | Low-density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Low-density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis |
| title_short | Low-density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis |
| title_sort | low density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis |
| topic | LDL particle PCSK9 atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease PCSK9 inhibitor |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.931931/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yananqiao lowdensitylipoproteinparticlesinatherosclerosis AT yanlizou lowdensitylipoproteinparticlesinatherosclerosis AT shoudongguo lowdensitylipoproteinparticlesinatherosclerosis |