The Incidence of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent marine neurotoxin with bacterial origin. To date, around 28 analogs of TTX are known, but only 12 were detected in marine organisms, namely TTX, 11-oxoTTX, 11-deoxyTTX, 11-norTTX-6(R)-ol, 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, 4-epiTTX, 4,9-anhydroTTX, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, 4-CysTTX, 5-deox...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-01-01
|
| Series: | Marine Drugs |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/17/1/28 |
| _version_ | 1828153454705508352 |
|---|---|
| author | Isidro José Tamele Marisa Silva Vitor Vasconcelos |
| author_facet | Isidro José Tamele Marisa Silva Vitor Vasconcelos |
| author_sort | Isidro José Tamele |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent marine neurotoxin with bacterial origin. To date, around 28 analogs of TTX are known, but only 12 were detected in marine organisms, namely TTX, 11-oxoTTX, 11-deoxyTTX, 11-norTTX-6(R)-ol, 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, 4-epiTTX, 4,9-anhydroTTX, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, 4-CysTTX, 5-deoxyTTX, 5,11-dideoxyTTX, and 6,11-dideoxyTTX. TTX and its derivatives are involved in many cases of seafood poisoning in many parts of the world due to their occurrence in different marine species of human consumption such as fish, gastropods, and bivalves. Currently, this neurotoxin group is not monitored in many parts of the world including in the Indian Ocean area, even with reported outbreaks of seafood poisoning involving puffer fish, which is one of the principal TTX vectors know since Egyptian times. Thus, the main objective of this review was to assess the incidence of TTXs in seafood and associated seafood poisonings in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Most reported data in this geographical area are associated with seafood poisoning caused by different species of puffer fish through the recognition of TTX poisoning symptoms and not by TTX detection techniques. This scenario shows the need of data regarding TTX prevalence, geographical distribution, and its vectors in this area to better assess human health risk and build effective monitoring programs to protect the health of consumers in Indian Ocean area. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:26:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2f6e8d3c7c0643028173116a5df50f84 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:26:22Z |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-2f6e8d3c7c0643028173116a5df50f842022-12-22T03:59:40ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972019-01-011712810.3390/md17010028md17010028The Incidence of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs in the Indian Ocean and the Red SeaIsidro José Tamele0Marisa Silva1Vitor Vasconcelos2CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, PortugalCIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, PortugalCIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, PortugalTetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent marine neurotoxin with bacterial origin. To date, around 28 analogs of TTX are known, but only 12 were detected in marine organisms, namely TTX, 11-oxoTTX, 11-deoxyTTX, 11-norTTX-6(R)-ol, 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, 4-epiTTX, 4,9-anhydroTTX, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, 4-CysTTX, 5-deoxyTTX, 5,11-dideoxyTTX, and 6,11-dideoxyTTX. TTX and its derivatives are involved in many cases of seafood poisoning in many parts of the world due to their occurrence in different marine species of human consumption such as fish, gastropods, and bivalves. Currently, this neurotoxin group is not monitored in many parts of the world including in the Indian Ocean area, even with reported outbreaks of seafood poisoning involving puffer fish, which is one of the principal TTX vectors know since Egyptian times. Thus, the main objective of this review was to assess the incidence of TTXs in seafood and associated seafood poisonings in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Most reported data in this geographical area are associated with seafood poisoning caused by different species of puffer fish through the recognition of TTX poisoning symptoms and not by TTX detection techniques. This scenario shows the need of data regarding TTX prevalence, geographical distribution, and its vectors in this area to better assess human health risk and build effective monitoring programs to protect the health of consumers in Indian Ocean area.http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/17/1/28Indian OceanRed Seatetrodotoxinpufferfish poisoning |
| spellingShingle | Isidro José Tamele Marisa Silva Vitor Vasconcelos The Incidence of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea Marine Drugs Indian Ocean Red Sea tetrodotoxin pufferfish poisoning |
| title | The Incidence of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea |
| title_full | The Incidence of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea |
| title_fullStr | The Incidence of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Incidence of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea |
| title_short | The Incidence of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea |
| title_sort | incidence of tetrodotoxin and its analogs in the indian ocean and the red sea |
| topic | Indian Ocean Red Sea tetrodotoxin pufferfish poisoning |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/17/1/28 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT isidrojosetamele theincidenceoftetrodotoxinanditsanalogsintheindianoceanandtheredsea AT marisasilva theincidenceoftetrodotoxinanditsanalogsintheindianoceanandtheredsea AT vitorvasconcelos theincidenceoftetrodotoxinanditsanalogsintheindianoceanandtheredsea AT isidrojosetamele incidenceoftetrodotoxinanditsanalogsintheindianoceanandtheredsea AT marisasilva incidenceoftetrodotoxinanditsanalogsintheindianoceanandtheredsea AT vitorvasconcelos incidenceoftetrodotoxinanditsanalogsintheindianoceanandtheredsea |