Improving Bond Performance and Reducing Cross-Linker Dosage of Soy Protein Adhesive via Hyper-Branched and Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Structures
Eco-friendly soybean protein adhesives could be an ideal substitute for replacing traditional formaldehyde-based adhesives in wood industry. However, a large number of cross-linking agents are required in soy protein adhesive formulations to obtain sufficiently performing properties. Inspired by the...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/13/1/203 |
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| author | Zheng Cui Yecheng Xu Gang Sun Lai Peng Jianzhang Li Jing Luo Qiang Gao |
| author_facet | Zheng Cui Yecheng Xu Gang Sun Lai Peng Jianzhang Li Jing Luo Qiang Gao |
| author_sort | Zheng Cui |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Eco-friendly soybean protein adhesives could be an ideal substitute for replacing traditional formaldehyde-based adhesives in wood industry. However, a large number of cross-linking agents are required in soy protein adhesive formulations to obtain sufficiently performing properties. Inspired by the high performance of nacre and branched structures, a hyper-branched amine (HBPA) was synthesized and grafted to graphene oxide (GO), generating a hyper-branched amine-functionalized GO (FGO). A novel soy protein-based adhesive was developed by mixing FGO with soy protein (SPI) and a low dose polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE). Results showed that the addition of only 0.4 wt% FGO and 0.75 wt% PAE to the SPI adhesive formulation enhanced the wet shear strength of plywood to 1.18 MPa, which was 181% higher than that of the adhesive without enhancement. The enhanced performance is attributed to the denser cross-linking structure and improved toughness of the adhesive layer. Using FGO in the adhesive formulation also greatly reduced the concentration of the additive cross-linker by up to 78.6% when compared with values reported in the literature. Thus, using a hyper-branched functionalized nano-material to form an organic–inorganic hybrid structure is an effective and efficient strategy to reinforce the composites and polymers. It significantly reduces the chemical additive levels, and is a practical way to develop a sustainable product. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:43:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2f86ddfdd2c5430798fe5e398e31d0f3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:43:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-2f86ddfdd2c5430798fe5e398e31d0f32023-12-02T00:45:11ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912023-01-0113120310.3390/nano13010203Improving Bond Performance and Reducing Cross-Linker Dosage of Soy Protein Adhesive via Hyper-Branched and Organic–Inorganic Hybrid StructuresZheng Cui0Yecheng Xu1Gang Sun2Lai Peng3Jianzhang Li4Jing Luo5Qiang Gao6MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application & Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application & Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application & Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaArte Mundi Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201700, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application & Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application & Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaEco-friendly soybean protein adhesives could be an ideal substitute for replacing traditional formaldehyde-based adhesives in wood industry. However, a large number of cross-linking agents are required in soy protein adhesive formulations to obtain sufficiently performing properties. Inspired by the high performance of nacre and branched structures, a hyper-branched amine (HBPA) was synthesized and grafted to graphene oxide (GO), generating a hyper-branched amine-functionalized GO (FGO). A novel soy protein-based adhesive was developed by mixing FGO with soy protein (SPI) and a low dose polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE). Results showed that the addition of only 0.4 wt% FGO and 0.75 wt% PAE to the SPI adhesive formulation enhanced the wet shear strength of plywood to 1.18 MPa, which was 181% higher than that of the adhesive without enhancement. The enhanced performance is attributed to the denser cross-linking structure and improved toughness of the adhesive layer. Using FGO in the adhesive formulation also greatly reduced the concentration of the additive cross-linker by up to 78.6% when compared with values reported in the literature. Thus, using a hyper-branched functionalized nano-material to form an organic–inorganic hybrid structure is an effective and efficient strategy to reinforce the composites and polymers. It significantly reduces the chemical additive levels, and is a practical way to develop a sustainable product.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/13/1/203bonding performancesoy protein adhesiveorganic–inorganic hybridhyper-branched structurecross-linker dosage |
| spellingShingle | Zheng Cui Yecheng Xu Gang Sun Lai Peng Jianzhang Li Jing Luo Qiang Gao Improving Bond Performance and Reducing Cross-Linker Dosage of Soy Protein Adhesive via Hyper-Branched and Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Structures Nanomaterials bonding performance soy protein adhesive organic–inorganic hybrid hyper-branched structure cross-linker dosage |
| title | Improving Bond Performance and Reducing Cross-Linker Dosage of Soy Protein Adhesive via Hyper-Branched and Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Structures |
| title_full | Improving Bond Performance and Reducing Cross-Linker Dosage of Soy Protein Adhesive via Hyper-Branched and Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Structures |
| title_fullStr | Improving Bond Performance and Reducing Cross-Linker Dosage of Soy Protein Adhesive via Hyper-Branched and Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Structures |
| title_full_unstemmed | Improving Bond Performance and Reducing Cross-Linker Dosage of Soy Protein Adhesive via Hyper-Branched and Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Structures |
| title_short | Improving Bond Performance and Reducing Cross-Linker Dosage of Soy Protein Adhesive via Hyper-Branched and Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Structures |
| title_sort | improving bond performance and reducing cross linker dosage of soy protein adhesive via hyper branched and organic inorganic hybrid structures |
| topic | bonding performance soy protein adhesive organic–inorganic hybrid hyper-branched structure cross-linker dosage |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/13/1/203 |
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