Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder seen, especially in the elderly. Tremor, shaking, movement problems, and difficulty with balance and coordination are among the hallmarks, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in substantia nigra pars compacta of the brain and a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/7/1012 |
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| author | Sevim Isik Bercem Yeman Kiyak Rumeysa Akbayir Rama Seyhali Tahire Arpaci |
| author_facet | Sevim Isik Bercem Yeman Kiyak Rumeysa Akbayir Rama Seyhali Tahire Arpaci |
| author_sort | Sevim Isik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder seen, especially in the elderly. Tremor, shaking, movement problems, and difficulty with balance and coordination are among the hallmarks, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in substantia nigra pars compacta of the brain and aggregation of intracellular protein α-synuclein are the pathological characterizations. Neuroinflammation has emerged as an involving mechanism at the initiation and development of PD. It is a complex network of interactions comprising immune and non-immune cells in addition to mediators of the immune response. Microglia, the resident macrophages in the CNS, take on the leading role in regulating neuroinflammation and maintaining homeostasis. Under normal physiological conditions, they exist as “homeostatic” but upon pathological stimuli, they switch to the “reactive state”. Pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes are used to classify microglial activity with each phenotype having its own markers and released mediators. When M1 microglia are persistent, they will contribute to various inflammatory diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD. In this review, we focus on the role of microglia mediated neuroinflammation in PD and also signaling pathways, receptors, and mediators involved in the process, presenting the studies that associate microglia-mediated inflammation with PD. A better understanding of this complex network and interactions is important in seeking new therapies for PD and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:40:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2fa3509a5f0544d7b9fd080c0be93bc6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:40:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-2fa3509a5f0544d7b9fd080c0be93bc62023-11-17T16:28:03ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092023-03-01127101210.3390/cells12071012Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s DiseaseSevim Isik0Bercem Yeman Kiyak1Rumeysa Akbayir2Rama Seyhali3Tahire Arpaci4Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, TurkeyStem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, TurkeyStem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, TurkeyStem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, TurkeyStem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, TurkeyParkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder seen, especially in the elderly. Tremor, shaking, movement problems, and difficulty with balance and coordination are among the hallmarks, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in substantia nigra pars compacta of the brain and aggregation of intracellular protein α-synuclein are the pathological characterizations. Neuroinflammation has emerged as an involving mechanism at the initiation and development of PD. It is a complex network of interactions comprising immune and non-immune cells in addition to mediators of the immune response. Microglia, the resident macrophages in the CNS, take on the leading role in regulating neuroinflammation and maintaining homeostasis. Under normal physiological conditions, they exist as “homeostatic” but upon pathological stimuli, they switch to the “reactive state”. Pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes are used to classify microglial activity with each phenotype having its own markers and released mediators. When M1 microglia are persistent, they will contribute to various inflammatory diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD. In this review, we focus on the role of microglia mediated neuroinflammation in PD and also signaling pathways, receptors, and mediators involved in the process, presenting the studies that associate microglia-mediated inflammation with PD. A better understanding of this complex network and interactions is important in seeking new therapies for PD and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/7/1012Parkinson’s Diseaseneuroinflammationmicroglial activationα-synucleinM1 phenotypeM2 phenotype |
| spellingShingle | Sevim Isik Bercem Yeman Kiyak Rumeysa Akbayir Rama Seyhali Tahire Arpaci Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease Cells Parkinson’s Disease neuroinflammation microglial activation α-synuclein M1 phenotype M2 phenotype |
| title | Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease |
| title_full | Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease |
| title_fullStr | Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease |
| title_short | Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease |
| title_sort | microglia mediated neuroinflammation in parkinson s disease |
| topic | Parkinson’s Disease neuroinflammation microglial activation α-synuclein M1 phenotype M2 phenotype |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/7/1012 |
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