Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> in Northern Egypt
Wild migratory birds are often implicated in the introduction, maintenance, and global dissemination of different pathogens, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Trapping of migratory birds during their resting periods at the northern coast of Egypt is a comm...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-03-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/3/196 |
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| author | Nehal M. Nabil Ahmed M. Erfan Maram M. Tawakol Naglaa M. Haggag Mahmoud M. Naguib Ahmed Samy |
| author_facet | Nehal M. Nabil Ahmed M. Erfan Maram M. Tawakol Naglaa M. Haggag Mahmoud M. Naguib Ahmed Samy |
| author_sort | Nehal M. Nabil |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Wild migratory birds are often implicated in the introduction, maintenance, and global dissemination of different pathogens, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Trapping of migratory birds during their resting periods at the northern coast of Egypt is a common and ancient practice performed mainly for selling in live bird markets (LBM). In the present study, samples were collected from 148 wild birds, representing 14 species, which were being offered for sale in LBM. All birds were tested for the presence of AIV and <i>enterobacteriaceae</i>. Ten samples collected from Northern Shoveler birds (<i>Spatula </i><i>clypeata</i>) were positive for IAV and PCR sub-typing and pan HA/NA sequencing assays detected H5N8, H9N2, and H6N2 viruses in four, four, and one birds, respectively. Sequencing of the full haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed a high similarity with currently circulating IAV in Egypt. From all the birds, <i>E.coli</i> was recovered from 37.2% and Salmonella from 20.2%, with 66%−96% and 23%−43% isolates being resistant to at least one of seven selected critically important antimicrobials (CIA), respectively. The presence of enzootic IAV and the wide prevalence of AMR <i>enterobacteriaceae</i> in wild birds highlight the potential role of LBM in the spread of different pathogens from and to wild birds. Continued surveillance of both AIV and antimicrobial-resistant<i> </i><i>enterobacteriaceae</i> in wild birds’ habitats is urgently needed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:48:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2fa4432e25c34acda2009e420dc69595 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:48:13Z |
| publishDate | 2020-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-2fa4432e25c34acda2009e420dc695952022-12-22T02:07:06ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172020-03-019319610.3390/pathogens9030196pathogens9030196Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> in Northern EgyptNehal M. Nabil0Ahmed M. Erfan1Maram M. Tawakol2Naglaa M. Haggag3Mahmoud M. Naguib4Ahmed Samy5Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, EgyptReference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, EgyptReference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, EgyptReference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, EgyptReference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, EgyptReference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, EgyptWild migratory birds are often implicated in the introduction, maintenance, and global dissemination of different pathogens, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Trapping of migratory birds during their resting periods at the northern coast of Egypt is a common and ancient practice performed mainly for selling in live bird markets (LBM). In the present study, samples were collected from 148 wild birds, representing 14 species, which were being offered for sale in LBM. All birds were tested for the presence of AIV and <i>enterobacteriaceae</i>. Ten samples collected from Northern Shoveler birds (<i>Spatula </i><i>clypeata</i>) were positive for IAV and PCR sub-typing and pan HA/NA sequencing assays detected H5N8, H9N2, and H6N2 viruses in four, four, and one birds, respectively. Sequencing of the full haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed a high similarity with currently circulating IAV in Egypt. From all the birds, <i>E.coli</i> was recovered from 37.2% and Salmonella from 20.2%, with 66%−96% and 23%−43% isolates being resistant to at least one of seven selected critically important antimicrobials (CIA), respectively. The presence of enzootic IAV and the wide prevalence of AMR <i>enterobacteriaceae</i> in wild birds highlight the potential role of LBM in the spread of different pathogens from and to wild birds. Continued surveillance of both AIV and antimicrobial-resistant<i> </i><i>enterobacteriaceae</i> in wild birds’ habitats is urgently needed.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/3/196live bird marketswild birdsinfluenzacritically important antimicrobialsenterobacteriaceanorthern shoveler |
| spellingShingle | Nehal M. Nabil Ahmed M. Erfan Maram M. Tawakol Naglaa M. Haggag Mahmoud M. Naguib Ahmed Samy Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> in Northern Egypt Pathogens live bird markets wild birds influenza critically important antimicrobials enterobacteriacea northern shoveler |
| title | Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> in Northern Egypt |
| title_full | Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> in Northern Egypt |
| title_fullStr | Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> in Northern Egypt |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> in Northern Egypt |
| title_short | Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> in Northern Egypt |
| title_sort | wild birds in live birds markets potential reservoirs of enzootic avian influenza viruses and antimicrobial resistant i enterobacteriaceae i in northern egypt |
| topic | live bird markets wild birds influenza critically important antimicrobials enterobacteriacea northern shoveler |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/3/196 |
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