How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood Pressure
Nitric oxide (NO), a small gaseous and multifunctional signaling molecule, is involved in the maintenance of metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis. It is endogenously produced in the vascular endothelium by specific enzymes known as NO synthases (NOSs). Subsequently, NO is readily oxidized to nit...
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/20/7538 |
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| author | Pamela Pignatelli Giulia Fabietti Annalisa Ricci Adriano Piattelli Maria Cristina Curia |
| author_facet | Pamela Pignatelli Giulia Fabietti Annalisa Ricci Adriano Piattelli Maria Cristina Curia |
| author_sort | Pamela Pignatelli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nitric oxide (NO), a small gaseous and multifunctional signaling molecule, is involved in the maintenance of metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis. It is endogenously produced in the vascular endothelium by specific enzymes known as NO synthases (NOSs). Subsequently, NO is readily oxidized to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrite is also derived from exogenous inorganic nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>) contained in meat, vegetables, and drinking water, resulting in greater plasma NO<sub>2</sub> concentration and major reduction in systemic blood pressure (BP). The recycling process of nitrate and nitrite to NO (nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway), known as the enterosalivary cycle of nitrate, is dependent upon oral commensal nitrate-reducing bacteria of the dorsal tongue. <i>Veillonella</i>, <i>Actinomyces</i>, <i>Haemophilus</i>, and <i>Neisseria</i> are the most copious among the nitrate-reducing bacteria. The use of chlorhexidine mouthwashes and tongue cleaning can mitigate the bacterial nitrate-related BP lowering effects. Imbalances in the oral reducing microbiota have been associated with a decrease of NO, promoting endothelial dysfunction, and increased cardiovascular risk. Although there is a relationship between periodontitis and hypertension (HT), the correlation between nitrate-reducing bacteria and HT has been poorly studied. Restoring the oral flora and NO activity by probiotics may be considered a potential therapeutic strategy to treat HT. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:40:13Z |
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| id | doaj.art-2fc0872bed9747aa93c1d713998dec6a |
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| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:40:13Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-2fc0872bed9747aa93c1d713998dec6a2023-11-20T16:51:02ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672020-10-012120753810.3390/ijms21207538How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood PressurePamela Pignatelli0Giulia Fabietti1Annalisa Ricci2Adriano Piattelli3Maria Cristina Curia4Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, ItalyDepartment of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, ItalyDepartment of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, ItalyDepartment of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, ItalyDepartment of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, ItalyNitric oxide (NO), a small gaseous and multifunctional signaling molecule, is involved in the maintenance of metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis. It is endogenously produced in the vascular endothelium by specific enzymes known as NO synthases (NOSs). Subsequently, NO is readily oxidized to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrite is also derived from exogenous inorganic nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>) contained in meat, vegetables, and drinking water, resulting in greater plasma NO<sub>2</sub> concentration and major reduction in systemic blood pressure (BP). The recycling process of nitrate and nitrite to NO (nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway), known as the enterosalivary cycle of nitrate, is dependent upon oral commensal nitrate-reducing bacteria of the dorsal tongue. <i>Veillonella</i>, <i>Actinomyces</i>, <i>Haemophilus</i>, and <i>Neisseria</i> are the most copious among the nitrate-reducing bacteria. The use of chlorhexidine mouthwashes and tongue cleaning can mitigate the bacterial nitrate-related BP lowering effects. Imbalances in the oral reducing microbiota have been associated with a decrease of NO, promoting endothelial dysfunction, and increased cardiovascular risk. Although there is a relationship between periodontitis and hypertension (HT), the correlation between nitrate-reducing bacteria and HT has been poorly studied. Restoring the oral flora and NO activity by probiotics may be considered a potential therapeutic strategy to treat HT.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/20/7538nitric oxideoral reducing bacteriaendothelial dysfunctionblood pressurehypertensionmouthwash |
| spellingShingle | Pamela Pignatelli Giulia Fabietti Annalisa Ricci Adriano Piattelli Maria Cristina Curia How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood Pressure International Journal of Molecular Sciences nitric oxide oral reducing bacteria endothelial dysfunction blood pressure hypertension mouthwash |
| title | How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood Pressure |
| title_full | How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood Pressure |
| title_fullStr | How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood Pressure |
| title_full_unstemmed | How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood Pressure |
| title_short | How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood Pressure |
| title_sort | how periodontal disease and presence of nitric oxide reducing oral bacteria can affect blood pressure |
| topic | nitric oxide oral reducing bacteria endothelial dysfunction blood pressure hypertension mouthwash |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/20/7538 |
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