Identification of Antioxidative Peptides Derived from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> in the Biorefinery Process after Extraction of C-Phycocyanin and Lipids
<i>Arthrospira maxima</i> has been identified as a sustainable source of rich proteins with diverse functionalities and bioactivities. After extracting C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and lipids in a biorefinery process, the spent biomass still contains a large proportion of proteins with potential...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/21/3/146 |
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| author | Renao Bai Trung T. Nguyen Yali Zhou Yong Diao Wei Zhang |
| author_facet | Renao Bai Trung T. Nguyen Yali Zhou Yong Diao Wei Zhang |
| author_sort | Renao Bai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> has been identified as a sustainable source of rich proteins with diverse functionalities and bioactivities. After extracting C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and lipids in a biorefinery process, the spent biomass still contains a large proportion of proteins with potential for biopeptide production. In this study, the residue was digested using Papain, Alcalase, Trypsin, Protamex 1.6, and Alcalase 2.4 L at different time intervals. The resulting hydrolyzed product with the highest antioxidative activity, evaluated through their scavenging capability of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), was selected for further fractionation and purification to isolate and identify biopeptides. Alcalase 2.4 L was found to produce the highest antioxidative hydrolysate product after four-hour hydrolysis. Fractionating this bioactive product using ultrafiltration obtained two fractions with different molecular weights (MW) and antioxidative activity. The low-molecular-weight fraction (LMWF) with MW <3 kDa had higher DPPH scavenging activity with the IC<sub>50</sub> value of 2.97 ± 0.33 compared to 3.76 ± 0.15 mg/mL of the high-molecular-weight fraction (HMWF) with MW >3 kDa. Two stronger antioxidative fractions (F-A and F-B) with the respective significant lower IC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.83 ± 0.22 and 1.52 ± 0.29 mg/mL were isolated from the LMWF using gel filtration with a Sephadex G-25 column. Based on LC-MS/MS analysis of the F-A, 230 peptides derived from 108 <i>A. maxima</i> proteins were determined. Notably, different antioxidative peptides possessing various bioactivities, including antioxidation, were detected with high predicted scores together with in silico analyses on their stability and toxicity. This study established knowledge and technology to further value-add to the spent <i>A. maxima</i> biomass by optimizing hydrolysis and fraction processes to produce antioxidative peptides with Alcalase 2.4 L after two products already produced in a biorefinery. These bioactive peptides have potential applications in food and nutraceutical products. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:16:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2fc9c66c41ac482581ab38b473fd068b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:16:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
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| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-2fc9c66c41ac482581ab38b473fd068b2023-11-17T12:17:10ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972023-02-0121314610.3390/md21030146Identification of Antioxidative Peptides Derived from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> in the Biorefinery Process after Extraction of C-Phycocyanin and LipidsRenao Bai0Trung T. Nguyen1Yali Zhou2Yong Diao3Wei Zhang4School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, ChinaCentre for Marine Bioproduct Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, AustraliaSchool of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, ChinaSchool of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, ChinaCentre for Marine Bioproduct Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia<i>Arthrospira maxima</i> has been identified as a sustainable source of rich proteins with diverse functionalities and bioactivities. After extracting C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and lipids in a biorefinery process, the spent biomass still contains a large proportion of proteins with potential for biopeptide production. In this study, the residue was digested using Papain, Alcalase, Trypsin, Protamex 1.6, and Alcalase 2.4 L at different time intervals. The resulting hydrolyzed product with the highest antioxidative activity, evaluated through their scavenging capability of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), was selected for further fractionation and purification to isolate and identify biopeptides. Alcalase 2.4 L was found to produce the highest antioxidative hydrolysate product after four-hour hydrolysis. Fractionating this bioactive product using ultrafiltration obtained two fractions with different molecular weights (MW) and antioxidative activity. The low-molecular-weight fraction (LMWF) with MW <3 kDa had higher DPPH scavenging activity with the IC<sub>50</sub> value of 2.97 ± 0.33 compared to 3.76 ± 0.15 mg/mL of the high-molecular-weight fraction (HMWF) with MW >3 kDa. Two stronger antioxidative fractions (F-A and F-B) with the respective significant lower IC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.83 ± 0.22 and 1.52 ± 0.29 mg/mL were isolated from the LMWF using gel filtration with a Sephadex G-25 column. Based on LC-MS/MS analysis of the F-A, 230 peptides derived from 108 <i>A. maxima</i> proteins were determined. Notably, different antioxidative peptides possessing various bioactivities, including antioxidation, were detected with high predicted scores together with in silico analyses on their stability and toxicity. This study established knowledge and technology to further value-add to the spent <i>A. maxima</i> biomass by optimizing hydrolysis and fraction processes to produce antioxidative peptides with Alcalase 2.4 L after two products already produced in a biorefinery. These bioactive peptides have potential applications in food and nutraceutical products.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/21/3/146<i>Arthrospira maxima</i>spent biomassproteasesbioactive peptidesantioxidant activitybiorefinery |
| spellingShingle | Renao Bai Trung T. Nguyen Yali Zhou Yong Diao Wei Zhang Identification of Antioxidative Peptides Derived from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> in the Biorefinery Process after Extraction of C-Phycocyanin and Lipids Marine Drugs <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> spent biomass proteases bioactive peptides antioxidant activity biorefinery |
| title | Identification of Antioxidative Peptides Derived from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> in the Biorefinery Process after Extraction of C-Phycocyanin and Lipids |
| title_full | Identification of Antioxidative Peptides Derived from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> in the Biorefinery Process after Extraction of C-Phycocyanin and Lipids |
| title_fullStr | Identification of Antioxidative Peptides Derived from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> in the Biorefinery Process after Extraction of C-Phycocyanin and Lipids |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of Antioxidative Peptides Derived from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> in the Biorefinery Process after Extraction of C-Phycocyanin and Lipids |
| title_short | Identification of Antioxidative Peptides Derived from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> in the Biorefinery Process after Extraction of C-Phycocyanin and Lipids |
| title_sort | identification of antioxidative peptides derived from i arthrospira maxima i in the biorefinery process after extraction of c phycocyanin and lipids |
| topic | <i>Arthrospira maxima</i> spent biomass proteases bioactive peptides antioxidant activity biorefinery |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/21/3/146 |
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