Perspective Insights into Disease Progression, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease: A Judicious Update
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of β-amyloid fibrils and abnormal tau proteins in and outside of neurons. Representing a common form of dementia, aggravation of AD with age increases the morbidity rate among the elderly. Alt...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2017-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00356/full |
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| author | Arif Tasleem Jan Mudsser Azam Safikur Rahman Angham M. S. Almigeiti Duk Hwan Choi Eun Ju Lee Qazi Mohd Rizwanul Haq Inho Choi |
| author_facet | Arif Tasleem Jan Mudsser Azam Safikur Rahman Angham M. S. Almigeiti Duk Hwan Choi Eun Ju Lee Qazi Mohd Rizwanul Haq Inho Choi |
| author_sort | Arif Tasleem Jan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of β-amyloid fibrils and abnormal tau proteins in and outside of neurons. Representing a common form of dementia, aggravation of AD with age increases the morbidity rate among the elderly. Although, mutations in the ApoE4 act as potent risk factors for sporadic AD, familial AD arises through malfunctioning of APP, PSEN-1, and−2 genes. AD progresses through accumulation of amyloid plaques (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in brain, which interfere with neuronal communication. Cellular stress that arises through mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum malfunction, and autophagy contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of AD. With high accuracy in disease diagnostics, Aβ deposition and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) are useful core biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients. Although five drugs are approved for treatment in AD, their failures in achieving complete disease cure has shifted studies toward a series of molecules capable of acting against Aβ and p-tau. Failure of biologics or compounds to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in most cases advocates development of an efficient drug delivery system. Though liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles are widely adopted for drug delivery modules, their use in delivering drugs across the BBB has been overtaken by exosomes, owing to their promising results in reducing disease progression. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T07:41:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3008709a69e042519a8208e340058b7c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1663-4365 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T07:41:03Z |
| publishDate | 2017-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-3008709a69e042519a8208e340058b7c2022-12-22T01:57:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience1663-43652017-11-01910.3389/fnagi.2017.00356288530Perspective Insights into Disease Progression, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease: A Judicious UpdateArif Tasleem Jan0Mudsser Azam1Safikur Rahman2Angham M. S. Almigeiti3Duk Hwan Choi4Eun Ju Lee5Qazi Mohd Rizwanul Haq6Inho Choi7Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South KoreaDepartment of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, IndiaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South KoreaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South KoreaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South KoreaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South KoreaDepartment of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, IndiaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South KoreaAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of β-amyloid fibrils and abnormal tau proteins in and outside of neurons. Representing a common form of dementia, aggravation of AD with age increases the morbidity rate among the elderly. Although, mutations in the ApoE4 act as potent risk factors for sporadic AD, familial AD arises through malfunctioning of APP, PSEN-1, and−2 genes. AD progresses through accumulation of amyloid plaques (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in brain, which interfere with neuronal communication. Cellular stress that arises through mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum malfunction, and autophagy contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of AD. With high accuracy in disease diagnostics, Aβ deposition and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) are useful core biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients. Although five drugs are approved for treatment in AD, their failures in achieving complete disease cure has shifted studies toward a series of molecules capable of acting against Aβ and p-tau. Failure of biologics or compounds to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in most cases advocates development of an efficient drug delivery system. Though liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles are widely adopted for drug delivery modules, their use in delivering drugs across the BBB has been overtaken by exosomes, owing to their promising results in reducing disease progression.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00356/fullAlzheimer's diseasediagnosticsdrugsneurodegenerationtherapeutics |
| spellingShingle | Arif Tasleem Jan Mudsser Azam Safikur Rahman Angham M. S. Almigeiti Duk Hwan Choi Eun Ju Lee Qazi Mohd Rizwanul Haq Inho Choi Perspective Insights into Disease Progression, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease: A Judicious Update Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience Alzheimer's disease diagnostics drugs neurodegeneration therapeutics |
| title | Perspective Insights into Disease Progression, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease: A Judicious Update |
| title_full | Perspective Insights into Disease Progression, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease: A Judicious Update |
| title_fullStr | Perspective Insights into Disease Progression, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease: A Judicious Update |
| title_full_unstemmed | Perspective Insights into Disease Progression, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease: A Judicious Update |
| title_short | Perspective Insights into Disease Progression, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease: A Judicious Update |
| title_sort | perspective insights into disease progression diagnostics and therapeutic approaches in alzheimer s disease a judicious update |
| topic | Alzheimer's disease diagnostics drugs neurodegeneration therapeutics |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00356/full |
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