Macaque Gaze Responses to the Primatar: A Virtual Macaque Head for Social Cognition Research
Following the expanding use and applications of virtual reality in everyday life, realistic virtual stimuli are of increasing interest in cognitive studies. They allow for control of features such as gaze, expression, appearance, and movement, which may help to overcome limitations of using photogra...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01645/full |
| _version_ | 1828771210389880832 |
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| author | Vanessa A. D. Wilson Vanessa A. D. Wilson Vanessa A. D. Wilson Carolin Kade Sebastian Moeller Sebastian Moeller Sebastian Moeller Stefan Treue Stefan Treue Stefan Treue Stefan Treue Igor Kagan Igor Kagan Julia Fischer Julia Fischer Julia Fischer |
| author_facet | Vanessa A. D. Wilson Vanessa A. D. Wilson Vanessa A. D. Wilson Carolin Kade Sebastian Moeller Sebastian Moeller Sebastian Moeller Stefan Treue Stefan Treue Stefan Treue Stefan Treue Igor Kagan Igor Kagan Julia Fischer Julia Fischer Julia Fischer |
| author_sort | Vanessa A. D. Wilson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Following the expanding use and applications of virtual reality in everyday life, realistic virtual stimuli are of increasing interest in cognitive studies. They allow for control of features such as gaze, expression, appearance, and movement, which may help to overcome limitations of using photographs or video recordings to study social responses. In using virtual stimuli however, one must be careful to avoid the uncanny valley effect, where realistic stimuli can be perceived as eerie, and induce an aversion response. At the same time, it is important to establish whether responses to virtual stimuli mirror responses to depictions of a real conspecific. In the current study, we describe the development of a new virtual monkey head with realistic facial features for experiments with nonhuman primates, the “Primatar.” As a first step toward validation, we assessed how monkeys respond to facial images of a prototype of this Primatar compared to images of real monkeys (RMs), and an unrealistic model. We also compared gaze responses between original images and scrambled as well as obfuscated versions of these images. We measured looking time to images in six freely moving long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and gaze exploration behavior in three rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Both groups showed more signs of overt attention to original images than scrambled or obfuscated images. In addition, we found no evidence for an uncanny valley effect; since for both groups, looking times did not differ between real, realistic, or unrealistic images. These results provide important data for further development of our Primatar for use in social cognition studies and more generally for cognitive research with virtual stimuli in nonhuman primates. Future research on the absence of an uncanny valley effect in macaques is needed, to elucidate the roots of this mechanism in humans. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T14:21:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-300fcf211fd8408fb4395ae743b73bb0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-1078 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T14:21:11Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychology |
| spelling | doaj.art-300fcf211fd8408fb4395ae743b73bb02022-12-22T01:02:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782020-07-011110.3389/fpsyg.2020.01645526801Macaque Gaze Responses to the Primatar: A Virtual Macaque Head for Social Cognition ResearchVanessa A. D. Wilson0Vanessa A. D. Wilson1Vanessa A. D. Wilson2Carolin Kade3Sebastian Moeller4Sebastian Moeller5Sebastian Moeller6Stefan Treue7Stefan Treue8Stefan Treue9Stefan Treue10Igor Kagan11Igor Kagan12Julia Fischer13Julia Fischer14Julia Fischer15Department of Primate Cognition, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, GermanyCognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, GermanyLeibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, GermanyCognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, GermanyLeibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, GermanyGeorg-Elias-Müller Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, GermanyCognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, GermanyLeibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, GermanyGeorg-Elias-Müller Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, GermanyCognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, GermanyBernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, GermanyLeibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, GermanyCognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Primate Cognition, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, GermanyCognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, GermanyLeibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, GermanyFollowing the expanding use and applications of virtual reality in everyday life, realistic virtual stimuli are of increasing interest in cognitive studies. They allow for control of features such as gaze, expression, appearance, and movement, which may help to overcome limitations of using photographs or video recordings to study social responses. In using virtual stimuli however, one must be careful to avoid the uncanny valley effect, where realistic stimuli can be perceived as eerie, and induce an aversion response. At the same time, it is important to establish whether responses to virtual stimuli mirror responses to depictions of a real conspecific. In the current study, we describe the development of a new virtual monkey head with realistic facial features for experiments with nonhuman primates, the “Primatar.” As a first step toward validation, we assessed how monkeys respond to facial images of a prototype of this Primatar compared to images of real monkeys (RMs), and an unrealistic model. We also compared gaze responses between original images and scrambled as well as obfuscated versions of these images. We measured looking time to images in six freely moving long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and gaze exploration behavior in three rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Both groups showed more signs of overt attention to original images than scrambled or obfuscated images. In addition, we found no evidence for an uncanny valley effect; since for both groups, looking times did not differ between real, realistic, or unrealistic images. These results provide important data for further development of our Primatar for use in social cognition studies and more generally for cognitive research with virtual stimuli in nonhuman primates. Future research on the absence of an uncanny valley effect in macaques is needed, to elucidate the roots of this mechanism in humans.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01645/fulluncanny valleyMacaca fascicularisMacaca mulattavirtual primatesocial attentioneye tracking |
| spellingShingle | Vanessa A. D. Wilson Vanessa A. D. Wilson Vanessa A. D. Wilson Carolin Kade Sebastian Moeller Sebastian Moeller Sebastian Moeller Stefan Treue Stefan Treue Stefan Treue Stefan Treue Igor Kagan Igor Kagan Julia Fischer Julia Fischer Julia Fischer Macaque Gaze Responses to the Primatar: A Virtual Macaque Head for Social Cognition Research Frontiers in Psychology uncanny valley Macaca fascicularis Macaca mulatta virtual primate social attention eye tracking |
| title | Macaque Gaze Responses to the Primatar: A Virtual Macaque Head for Social Cognition Research |
| title_full | Macaque Gaze Responses to the Primatar: A Virtual Macaque Head for Social Cognition Research |
| title_fullStr | Macaque Gaze Responses to the Primatar: A Virtual Macaque Head for Social Cognition Research |
| title_full_unstemmed | Macaque Gaze Responses to the Primatar: A Virtual Macaque Head for Social Cognition Research |
| title_short | Macaque Gaze Responses to the Primatar: A Virtual Macaque Head for Social Cognition Research |
| title_sort | macaque gaze responses to the primatar a virtual macaque head for social cognition research |
| topic | uncanny valley Macaca fascicularis Macaca mulatta virtual primate social attention eye tracking |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01645/full |
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