Enhancement of Biomass and Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization of <i>Chlorella</i> <i>vulgaris</i> through Plackett–Burman Screening and Box–Behnken Optimization Approach
The biosynthesis of calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) minerals through a metabolic process known as microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) between diverse microorganisms, and organic/inorganic compounds within their immediate microenvironment, gives rise to a cemen...
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| author | Zheng Wei Chin Kavithraashree Arumugam Siti Efliza Ashari Fadzlie Wong Faizal Wong Joo Shun Tan Arbakariya Bin Ariff Mohd Shamzi Mohamed |
| author_facet | Zheng Wei Chin Kavithraashree Arumugam Siti Efliza Ashari Fadzlie Wong Faizal Wong Joo Shun Tan Arbakariya Bin Ariff Mohd Shamzi Mohamed |
| author_sort | Zheng Wei Chin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The biosynthesis of calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) minerals through a metabolic process known as microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) between diverse microorganisms, and organic/inorganic compounds within their immediate microenvironment, gives rise to a cementitious biomaterial that may emerge as a promissory alternative to conventional cement. Among photosynthetic microalgae, <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> has been identified as one of the species capable of undergoing such activity in nature. In this study, response surface technique was employed to ascertain the optimum condition for the enhancement of biomass and CaCO<sub>3</sub> precipitation of <i>C. vulgaris</i> when cultured in Blue-Green (BG)-11 aquaculture medium. Preliminary screening via Plackett–Burman Design showed that sodium nitrate (NaNO<sub>3</sub>), sodium acetate, and urea have a significant effect on both target responses (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Further refinement was conducted using Box–Behnken Design based on these three factors. The highest production of 1.517 g/L <i>C. vulgaris</i> biomass and 1.143 g/L of CaCO<sub>3</sub> precipitates was achieved with a final recipe comprising of 8.74 mM of NaNO<sub>3</sub>, 61.40 mM of sodium acetate and 0.143 g/L of urea, respectively. Moreover, polymorphism analyses on the collected minerals through morphological examination via scanning electron microscopy and crystallographic elucidation by X-ray diffraction indicated to predominantly calcite crystalline structure. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:09:52Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-301215c3556f4be5b489200accbae69b2023-11-20T08:12:17ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-07-012515341610.3390/molecules25153416Enhancement of Biomass and Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization of <i>Chlorella</i> <i>vulgaris</i> through Plackett–Burman Screening and Box–Behnken Optimization ApproachZheng Wei Chin0Kavithraashree Arumugam1Siti Efliza Ashari2Fadzlie Wong Faizal Wong3Joo Shun Tan4Arbakariya Bin Ariff5Mohd Shamzi Mohamed6Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaBioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaThe biosynthesis of calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) minerals through a metabolic process known as microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) between diverse microorganisms, and organic/inorganic compounds within their immediate microenvironment, gives rise to a cementitious biomaterial that may emerge as a promissory alternative to conventional cement. Among photosynthetic microalgae, <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> has been identified as one of the species capable of undergoing such activity in nature. In this study, response surface technique was employed to ascertain the optimum condition for the enhancement of biomass and CaCO<sub>3</sub> precipitation of <i>C. vulgaris</i> when cultured in Blue-Green (BG)-11 aquaculture medium. Preliminary screening via Plackett–Burman Design showed that sodium nitrate (NaNO<sub>3</sub>), sodium acetate, and urea have a significant effect on both target responses (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Further refinement was conducted using Box–Behnken Design based on these three factors. The highest production of 1.517 g/L <i>C. vulgaris</i> biomass and 1.143 g/L of CaCO<sub>3</sub> precipitates was achieved with a final recipe comprising of 8.74 mM of NaNO<sub>3</sub>, 61.40 mM of sodium acetate and 0.143 g/L of urea, respectively. Moreover, polymorphism analyses on the collected minerals through morphological examination via scanning electron microscopy and crystallographic elucidation by X-ray diffraction indicated to predominantly calcite crystalline structure.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/15/3416<i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>Box–Behnken DesignPlackett–Burman DesignBiomassCalcium CarbonateBiomineralization |
| spellingShingle | Zheng Wei Chin Kavithraashree Arumugam Siti Efliza Ashari Fadzlie Wong Faizal Wong Joo Shun Tan Arbakariya Bin Ariff Mohd Shamzi Mohamed Enhancement of Biomass and Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization of <i>Chlorella</i> <i>vulgaris</i> through Plackett–Burman Screening and Box–Behnken Optimization Approach Molecules <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Box–Behnken Design Plackett–Burman Design Biomass Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization |
| title | Enhancement of Biomass and Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization of <i>Chlorella</i> <i>vulgaris</i> through Plackett–Burman Screening and Box–Behnken Optimization Approach |
| title_full | Enhancement of Biomass and Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization of <i>Chlorella</i> <i>vulgaris</i> through Plackett–Burman Screening and Box–Behnken Optimization Approach |
| title_fullStr | Enhancement of Biomass and Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization of <i>Chlorella</i> <i>vulgaris</i> through Plackett–Burman Screening and Box–Behnken Optimization Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhancement of Biomass and Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization of <i>Chlorella</i> <i>vulgaris</i> through Plackett–Burman Screening and Box–Behnken Optimization Approach |
| title_short | Enhancement of Biomass and Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization of <i>Chlorella</i> <i>vulgaris</i> through Plackett–Burman Screening and Box–Behnken Optimization Approach |
| title_sort | enhancement of biomass and calcium carbonate biomineralization of i chlorella i i vulgaris i through plackett burman screening and box behnken optimization approach |
| topic | <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Box–Behnken Design Plackett–Burman Design Biomass Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/15/3416 |
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