| Summary: | The peanut thrips, <i>Enneothrips enigmaticus</i> sp. n., is the key pest of <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> L. in South America, where it can cause yield losses of up to 85%. This species has historically been identified as <i>Enneothrips flavens</i>, but access to the holotype of this species and freshly collected material from southeastern and northern Brazil revealed that specimens commonly collected on peanut crops are not conspecific with <i>E. flavens</i>. Biological, molecular, and morphological assessments were carried out and led to the conclusion that the key pest of <i>A. hypogaea</i> belongs to a previously undescribed species: <i>Enneothrips enigmaticus</i> sp. n.
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