Exogenously Applied Chitosan and Chitosan Nanoparticles Improved Apple Fruit Resistance to Blue Mold, Upregulated Defense-Related Genes Expression, and Maintained Fruit Quality
Blue rot disease caused by <i>Penicillium expansum</i> is one of the most widespread fungal diseases that affects apples worldwide. This work was to verify the effect of chitosan (2 and 4 g/L) and its nano-form (0.2 and 0.4 g/L) against blue rot disease on apples and their effect on the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/7/8/224 |
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| author | Fayz A. Abdel-Rahman Gehan A. Monir Mabrouk S. S. Hassan Yosra Ahmed Mohamed H. Refaat Ismail A. Ismail Hoda A. S. El-Garhy |
| author_facet | Fayz A. Abdel-Rahman Gehan A. Monir Mabrouk S. S. Hassan Yosra Ahmed Mohamed H. Refaat Ismail A. Ismail Hoda A. S. El-Garhy |
| author_sort | Fayz A. Abdel-Rahman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Blue rot disease caused by <i>Penicillium expansum</i> is one of the most widespread fungal diseases that affects apples worldwide. This work was to verify the effect of chitosan (2 and 4 g/L) and its nano-form (0.2 and 0.4 g/L) against blue rot disease on apples and their effect on the expression of six defense-related genes as well as fruit quality parameters. Regarding disease incidence, in most cases, chitosan NPs performed better as compared to their raw materials for both artificial and natural infections. The highest efficacy was obtained for chitosan NPs at 0.4 g/L for artificial and natural infection in both 2019 and 2020 seasons. All treatments kept fruit quality parameters regarding firmness, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity for artificial and natural infection in both seasons. As expected, the exogenous application of chitosan NPs and bulk form triggered an increase in the expression levels of six defense-related genes including <i>chitinase</i>, <i>peroxidase</i>, <i>β-1,3-glucanase</i>, <i>Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase</i> (<i>XET</i>), <i>pathogenesis-related protein</i> (<i>PR8</i>), and <i>phenylalanine ammonia lyase-1</i> (<i>PAL1</i>). Moreover, the highest mRNA quantity of all the studied genes was detected in leaves treated with chitosan NPs at both concentrations compared to other treatments. Chitosan NPs can be considered an eco-friendly and effective approach against blue mold of apples and can be integrated into management programs to maintain postharvest quality and extend the shelf life of fruits. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:46:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-30453390f21249068ad7a25ed29abd96 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:46:37Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-30453390f21249068ad7a25ed29abd962023-11-22T07:51:04ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242021-08-017822410.3390/horticulturae7080224Exogenously Applied Chitosan and Chitosan Nanoparticles Improved Apple Fruit Resistance to Blue Mold, Upregulated Defense-Related Genes Expression, and Maintained Fruit QualityFayz A. Abdel-Rahman0Gehan A. Monir1Mabrouk S. S. Hassan2Yosra Ahmed3Mohamed H. Refaat4Ismail A. Ismail5Hoda A. S. El-Garhy6Agricultural Research Centre, Plant Pathology Research Institute, 9 Gamaa St., Giza 12619, EgyptAgricultural Research Centre, Plant Pathology Research Institute, 9 Gamaa St., Giza 12619, EgyptAgricultural Research Centre, Plant Pathology Research Institute, 9 Gamaa St., Giza 12619, EgyptAgricultural Research Centre, Plant Pathology Research Institute, 9 Gamaa St., Giza 12619, EgyptGenetics and Genetic Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Qalyubia 13736, EgyptDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaGenetics and Genetic Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Qalyubia 13736, EgyptBlue rot disease caused by <i>Penicillium expansum</i> is one of the most widespread fungal diseases that affects apples worldwide. This work was to verify the effect of chitosan (2 and 4 g/L) and its nano-form (0.2 and 0.4 g/L) against blue rot disease on apples and their effect on the expression of six defense-related genes as well as fruit quality parameters. Regarding disease incidence, in most cases, chitosan NPs performed better as compared to their raw materials for both artificial and natural infections. The highest efficacy was obtained for chitosan NPs at 0.4 g/L for artificial and natural infection in both 2019 and 2020 seasons. All treatments kept fruit quality parameters regarding firmness, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity for artificial and natural infection in both seasons. As expected, the exogenous application of chitosan NPs and bulk form triggered an increase in the expression levels of six defense-related genes including <i>chitinase</i>, <i>peroxidase</i>, <i>β-1,3-glucanase</i>, <i>Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase</i> (<i>XET</i>), <i>pathogenesis-related protein</i> (<i>PR8</i>), and <i>phenylalanine ammonia lyase-1</i> (<i>PAL1</i>). Moreover, the highest mRNA quantity of all the studied genes was detected in leaves treated with chitosan NPs at both concentrations compared to other treatments. Chitosan NPs can be considered an eco-friendly and effective approach against blue mold of apples and can be integrated into management programs to maintain postharvest quality and extend the shelf life of fruits.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/7/8/224appleblue moldchitosan nanoparticlesexogenousfruit qualitygene expression |
| spellingShingle | Fayz A. Abdel-Rahman Gehan A. Monir Mabrouk S. S. Hassan Yosra Ahmed Mohamed H. Refaat Ismail A. Ismail Hoda A. S. El-Garhy Exogenously Applied Chitosan and Chitosan Nanoparticles Improved Apple Fruit Resistance to Blue Mold, Upregulated Defense-Related Genes Expression, and Maintained Fruit Quality Horticulturae apple blue mold chitosan nanoparticles exogenous fruit quality gene expression |
| title | Exogenously Applied Chitosan and Chitosan Nanoparticles Improved Apple Fruit Resistance to Blue Mold, Upregulated Defense-Related Genes Expression, and Maintained Fruit Quality |
| title_full | Exogenously Applied Chitosan and Chitosan Nanoparticles Improved Apple Fruit Resistance to Blue Mold, Upregulated Defense-Related Genes Expression, and Maintained Fruit Quality |
| title_fullStr | Exogenously Applied Chitosan and Chitosan Nanoparticles Improved Apple Fruit Resistance to Blue Mold, Upregulated Defense-Related Genes Expression, and Maintained Fruit Quality |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exogenously Applied Chitosan and Chitosan Nanoparticles Improved Apple Fruit Resistance to Blue Mold, Upregulated Defense-Related Genes Expression, and Maintained Fruit Quality |
| title_short | Exogenously Applied Chitosan and Chitosan Nanoparticles Improved Apple Fruit Resistance to Blue Mold, Upregulated Defense-Related Genes Expression, and Maintained Fruit Quality |
| title_sort | exogenously applied chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles improved apple fruit resistance to blue mold upregulated defense related genes expression and maintained fruit quality |
| topic | apple blue mold chitosan nanoparticles exogenous fruit quality gene expression |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/7/8/224 |
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