Say NO to ROS: Their Roles in Embryonic Heart Development and Pathogenesis of Congenital Heart Defects in Maternal Diabetes
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most prevalent and serious birth defect, occurring in 1% of all live births. Pregestational maternal diabetes is a known risk factor for the development of CHDs, elevating the risk in the child by more than four-fold. As the prevalence of diabetes rapidly rise...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-10-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/8/10/436 |
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| author | Anish Engineer Tana Saiyin Elizabeth R. Greco Qingping Feng |
| author_facet | Anish Engineer Tana Saiyin Elizabeth R. Greco Qingping Feng |
| author_sort | Anish Engineer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most prevalent and serious birth defect, occurring in 1% of all live births. Pregestational maternal diabetes is a known risk factor for the development of CHDs, elevating the risk in the child by more than four-fold. As the prevalence of diabetes rapidly rises among women of childbearing age, there is a need to investigate the mechanisms and potential preventative strategies for these defects. In experimental animal models of pregestational diabetes induced-CHDs, upwards of 50% of offspring display congenital malformations of the heart, including septal, valvular, and outflow tract defects. Specifically, the imbalance of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling is a major driver of the development of CHDs in offspring of mice with pregestational diabetes. NO from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is crucial to cardiogenesis, regulating various cellular and molecular processes. In fact, deficiency in eNOS results in CHDs and coronary artery malformation. Embryonic hearts from diabetic dams exhibit eNOS uncoupling and oxidative stress. Maternal treatment with sapropterin, a cofactor of eNOS, and antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine, vitamin E, and glutathione as well as maternal exercise have been shown to improve eNOS function, reduce oxidative stress, and lower the incidence CHDs in the offspring of mice with pregestational diabetes. This review summarizes recent data on pregestational diabetes-induced CHDs, and offers insights into the important roles of NO and ROS in embryonic heart development and pathogenesis of CHDs in maternal diabetes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T06:23:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-308600557b2740329c7b0cca45c282b5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T06:23:45Z |
| publishDate | 2019-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-308600557b2740329c7b0cca45c282b52023-09-03T02:04:51ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212019-10-0181043610.3390/antiox8100436antiox8100436Say NO to ROS: Their Roles in Embryonic Heart Development and Pathogenesis of Congenital Heart Defects in Maternal DiabetesAnish Engineer0Tana Saiyin1Elizabeth R. Greco2Qingping Feng3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, ON N6A 5C1, CanadaDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, ON N6A 5C1, CanadaDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, ON N6A 5C1, CanadaDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, ON N6A 5C1, CanadaCongenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most prevalent and serious birth defect, occurring in 1% of all live births. Pregestational maternal diabetes is a known risk factor for the development of CHDs, elevating the risk in the child by more than four-fold. As the prevalence of diabetes rapidly rises among women of childbearing age, there is a need to investigate the mechanisms and potential preventative strategies for these defects. In experimental animal models of pregestational diabetes induced-CHDs, upwards of 50% of offspring display congenital malformations of the heart, including septal, valvular, and outflow tract defects. Specifically, the imbalance of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling is a major driver of the development of CHDs in offspring of mice with pregestational diabetes. NO from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is crucial to cardiogenesis, regulating various cellular and molecular processes. In fact, deficiency in eNOS results in CHDs and coronary artery malformation. Embryonic hearts from diabetic dams exhibit eNOS uncoupling and oxidative stress. Maternal treatment with sapropterin, a cofactor of eNOS, and antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine, vitamin E, and glutathione as well as maternal exercise have been shown to improve eNOS function, reduce oxidative stress, and lower the incidence CHDs in the offspring of mice with pregestational diabetes. This review summarizes recent data on pregestational diabetes-induced CHDs, and offers insights into the important roles of NO and ROS in embryonic heart development and pathogenesis of CHDs in maternal diabetes.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/8/10/436congenital heart defectspregestational diabetesnitric oxidereactive oxygen speciesenosheart developmenttetrahydrobiopterinoxidative stressantioxidantexercise |
| spellingShingle | Anish Engineer Tana Saiyin Elizabeth R. Greco Qingping Feng Say NO to ROS: Their Roles in Embryonic Heart Development and Pathogenesis of Congenital Heart Defects in Maternal Diabetes Antioxidants congenital heart defects pregestational diabetes nitric oxide reactive oxygen species enos heart development tetrahydrobiopterin oxidative stress antioxidant exercise |
| title | Say NO to ROS: Their Roles in Embryonic Heart Development and Pathogenesis of Congenital Heart Defects in Maternal Diabetes |
| title_full | Say NO to ROS: Their Roles in Embryonic Heart Development and Pathogenesis of Congenital Heart Defects in Maternal Diabetes |
| title_fullStr | Say NO to ROS: Their Roles in Embryonic Heart Development and Pathogenesis of Congenital Heart Defects in Maternal Diabetes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Say NO to ROS: Their Roles in Embryonic Heart Development and Pathogenesis of Congenital Heart Defects in Maternal Diabetes |
| title_short | Say NO to ROS: Their Roles in Embryonic Heart Development and Pathogenesis of Congenital Heart Defects in Maternal Diabetes |
| title_sort | say no to ros their roles in embryonic heart development and pathogenesis of congenital heart defects in maternal diabetes |
| topic | congenital heart defects pregestational diabetes nitric oxide reactive oxygen species enos heart development tetrahydrobiopterin oxidative stress antioxidant exercise |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/8/10/436 |
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