Exploring Efflux as a Mechanism of Reduced Susceptibility towards Biocides and Fluoroquinolones in <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i>
<i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> is the main bacterial cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in companion animals, particularly dogs. The emergence of methicillin-resistant <i>S. pseudintermedius</i> (MRSP) strains, frequently with multidrug resistance phenot...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/7/1270 |
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| author | Marta Leal Catarina Morais Bárbara Ramos Constança Pomba Patrícia Abrantes Sofia Santos Costa Isabel Couto |
| author_facet | Marta Leal Catarina Morais Bárbara Ramos Constança Pomba Patrícia Abrantes Sofia Santos Costa Isabel Couto |
| author_sort | Marta Leal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> is the main bacterial cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in companion animals, particularly dogs. The emergence of methicillin-resistant <i>S. pseudintermedius</i> (MRSP) strains, frequently with multidrug resistance phenotypes is a public health concern. This study aimed to evaluate efflux, a resistance mechanism still poorly characterized in <i>S. pseudintermedius</i>, as a contributor to biocide and fluoroquinolone resistance. Susceptibility to the efflux pump substrates ethidium bromide (EtBr), tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for 155 SSTIs-related <i>S. pseudintermedius</i> in companion animals. EtBr and TPP MIC distributions were analyzed to estimate cut-off (CO<sub>WT</sub>) values. The effect of the efflux inhibitors (EIs) thioridazine and verapamil was assessed upon MICs and fluorometric EtBr accumulation assays, performed with/without glucose and/or EIs. This approach detected a non-wild type population towards TPP with increased efflux, showed to be strain-specific and glucose-dependent. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was mainly linked to target gene mutations, yet a contribution of efflux on CIP resistance levels could not be ruled out. In sum, this study highlights the relevance of efflux-mediated resistance in clinical <i>S. pseudintermedius</i>, particularly to biocides, and provides a methodological basis for further studies on the efflux activity on this important pathogen of companion animals. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:43:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-30cbcce34e1c4f50ac353deb3954c68e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:43:35Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-30cbcce34e1c4f50ac353deb3954c68e2023-11-17T16:15:07ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152023-04-01137127010.3390/ani13071270Exploring Efflux as a Mechanism of Reduced Susceptibility towards Biocides and Fluoroquinolones in <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i>Marta Leal0Catarina Morais1Bárbara Ramos2Constança Pomba3Patrícia Abrantes4Sofia Santos Costa5Isabel Couto6Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, PortugalGlobal Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, PortugalGlobal Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, PortugalCIISA, Centre of Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, PortugalGlobal Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, PortugalGlobal Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, PortugalGlobal Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal<i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> is the main bacterial cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in companion animals, particularly dogs. The emergence of methicillin-resistant <i>S. pseudintermedius</i> (MRSP) strains, frequently with multidrug resistance phenotypes is a public health concern. This study aimed to evaluate efflux, a resistance mechanism still poorly characterized in <i>S. pseudintermedius</i>, as a contributor to biocide and fluoroquinolone resistance. Susceptibility to the efflux pump substrates ethidium bromide (EtBr), tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for 155 SSTIs-related <i>S. pseudintermedius</i> in companion animals. EtBr and TPP MIC distributions were analyzed to estimate cut-off (CO<sub>WT</sub>) values. The effect of the efflux inhibitors (EIs) thioridazine and verapamil was assessed upon MICs and fluorometric EtBr accumulation assays, performed with/without glucose and/or EIs. This approach detected a non-wild type population towards TPP with increased efflux, showed to be strain-specific and glucose-dependent. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was mainly linked to target gene mutations, yet a contribution of efflux on CIP resistance levels could not be ruled out. In sum, this study highlights the relevance of efflux-mediated resistance in clinical <i>S. pseudintermedius</i>, particularly to biocides, and provides a methodological basis for further studies on the efflux activity on this important pathogen of companion animals.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/7/1270<i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i>effluxbiocidesfluoroquinolonesresistancecompanion animals |
| spellingShingle | Marta Leal Catarina Morais Bárbara Ramos Constança Pomba Patrícia Abrantes Sofia Santos Costa Isabel Couto Exploring Efflux as a Mechanism of Reduced Susceptibility towards Biocides and Fluoroquinolones in <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> Animals <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> efflux biocides fluoroquinolones resistance companion animals |
| title | Exploring Efflux as a Mechanism of Reduced Susceptibility towards Biocides and Fluoroquinolones in <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> |
| title_full | Exploring Efflux as a Mechanism of Reduced Susceptibility towards Biocides and Fluoroquinolones in <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> |
| title_fullStr | Exploring Efflux as a Mechanism of Reduced Susceptibility towards Biocides and Fluoroquinolones in <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring Efflux as a Mechanism of Reduced Susceptibility towards Biocides and Fluoroquinolones in <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> |
| title_short | Exploring Efflux as a Mechanism of Reduced Susceptibility towards Biocides and Fluoroquinolones in <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> |
| title_sort | exploring efflux as a mechanism of reduced susceptibility towards biocides and fluoroquinolones in i staphylococcus pseudintermedius i |
| topic | <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> efflux biocides fluoroquinolones resistance companion animals |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/7/1270 |
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