Effects of Endohedral Gd-Containing Fullerenols with a Different Number of Oxygen Substituents on Bacterial Bioluminescence
Gadolinium (Gd)-containing fullerenols are perspective agents for magnetic resonance imaging and cancer research. They combine the unique paramagnetic properties of Gd with solubility in water, low toxicity and antiradical activity of fullerenols. We compared the bioeffects of two Gd-containing full...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-01-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/708 |
| _version_ | 1797339864657559552 |
|---|---|
| author | Evsei A. Stepin Ekaterina S. Sushko Natalia G. Vnukova Grigoriy N. Churilov Anastasia V. Rogova Felix N. Tomilin Nadezhda S. Kudryasheva |
| author_facet | Evsei A. Stepin Ekaterina S. Sushko Natalia G. Vnukova Grigoriy N. Churilov Anastasia V. Rogova Felix N. Tomilin Nadezhda S. Kudryasheva |
| author_sort | Evsei A. Stepin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Gadolinium (Gd)-containing fullerenols are perspective agents for magnetic resonance imaging and cancer research. They combine the unique paramagnetic properties of Gd with solubility in water, low toxicity and antiradical activity of fullerenols. We compared the bioeffects of two Gd-containing fullerenols with a different number of oxygen groups—20 and 42: Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>20</sub>H<sub>14</sub> and Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>42</sub>H<sub>32</sub>. The bioluminescent bacteria-based assay was applied to monitor the toxicity of fullerenols, bioluminescence was applied as a signal physiological parameter, and bacterial enzyme-based assay was used to evaluate the fullerenol effects on enzymatic intracellular processes. Chemiluminescence luminol assay was applied to monitor the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacterial and enzymatic media. It was shown that Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>42</sub>H<sub>32</sub> and Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>20</sub>H<sub>14</sub> inhibited bacterial bioluminescence at >10<sup>−1</sup> and >10<sup>−2</sup> gL<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, revealing a lower toxicity of Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>42</sub>H<sub>32</sub>. Low-concentration (10<sup>−3</sup>–10<sup>−1</sup> gL<sup>−1</sup>) bacterial bioluminescence activation by Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>42</sub>H<sub>32</sub> was observed, while this activation was not found under exposure to Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>20</sub>H<sub>14</sub>. Additional carboxyl groups in the structure of Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>42</sub>H<sub>32</sub> were determined by infrared spectroscopy and confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. The groups were supposed to endow Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>42</sub>H<sub>32</sub> with higher penetration ability through the cellular membrane, activation ability, lower toxicity, balancing of the ROS content in the bacterial suspensions, and lower aggregation in aqueous media. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:54:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-30de1513b65c4e6d97fc3f786e9ca750 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:54:41Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-30de1513b65c4e6d97fc3f786e9ca7502024-01-29T13:53:29ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672024-01-0125270810.3390/ijms25020708Effects of Endohedral Gd-Containing Fullerenols with a Different Number of Oxygen Substituents on Bacterial BioluminescenceEvsei A. Stepin0Ekaterina S. Sushko1Natalia G. Vnukova2Grigoriy N. Churilov3Anastasia V. Rogova4Felix N. Tomilin5Nadezhda S. Kudryasheva6Biophysics Department, School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, RussiaBiophysics Department, School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, RussiaInstitute of Physics SB RAS, FRC KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, RussiaInstitute of Physics SB RAS, FRC KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, RussiaDepartment of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, 660025 Krasnoyarsk, RussiaInstitute of Physics SB RAS, FRC KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, RussiaBiophysics Department, School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, RussiaGadolinium (Gd)-containing fullerenols are perspective agents for magnetic resonance imaging and cancer research. They combine the unique paramagnetic properties of Gd with solubility in water, low toxicity and antiradical activity of fullerenols. We compared the bioeffects of two Gd-containing fullerenols with a different number of oxygen groups—20 and 42: Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>20</sub>H<sub>14</sub> and Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>42</sub>H<sub>32</sub>. The bioluminescent bacteria-based assay was applied to monitor the toxicity of fullerenols, bioluminescence was applied as a signal physiological parameter, and bacterial enzyme-based assay was used to evaluate the fullerenol effects on enzymatic intracellular processes. Chemiluminescence luminol assay was applied to monitor the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacterial and enzymatic media. It was shown that Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>42</sub>H<sub>32</sub> and Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>20</sub>H<sub>14</sub> inhibited bacterial bioluminescence at >10<sup>−1</sup> and >10<sup>−2</sup> gL<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, revealing a lower toxicity of Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>42</sub>H<sub>32</sub>. Low-concentration (10<sup>−3</sup>–10<sup>−1</sup> gL<sup>−1</sup>) bacterial bioluminescence activation by Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>42</sub>H<sub>32</sub> was observed, while this activation was not found under exposure to Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>20</sub>H<sub>14</sub>. Additional carboxyl groups in the structure of Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>42</sub>H<sub>32</sub> were determined by infrared spectroscopy and confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. The groups were supposed to endow Gd@C<sub>82</sub>O<sub>42</sub>H<sub>32</sub> with higher penetration ability through the cellular membrane, activation ability, lower toxicity, balancing of the ROS content in the bacterial suspensions, and lower aggregation in aqueous media.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/708endohedral fullerenolgadoliniumbioluminescencebacterial bioassaytoxicityenzymatic bioassay |
| spellingShingle | Evsei A. Stepin Ekaterina S. Sushko Natalia G. Vnukova Grigoriy N. Churilov Anastasia V. Rogova Felix N. Tomilin Nadezhda S. Kudryasheva Effects of Endohedral Gd-Containing Fullerenols with a Different Number of Oxygen Substituents on Bacterial Bioluminescence International Journal of Molecular Sciences endohedral fullerenol gadolinium bioluminescence bacterial bioassay toxicity enzymatic bioassay |
| title | Effects of Endohedral Gd-Containing Fullerenols with a Different Number of Oxygen Substituents on Bacterial Bioluminescence |
| title_full | Effects of Endohedral Gd-Containing Fullerenols with a Different Number of Oxygen Substituents on Bacterial Bioluminescence |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Endohedral Gd-Containing Fullerenols with a Different Number of Oxygen Substituents on Bacterial Bioluminescence |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Endohedral Gd-Containing Fullerenols with a Different Number of Oxygen Substituents on Bacterial Bioluminescence |
| title_short | Effects of Endohedral Gd-Containing Fullerenols with a Different Number of Oxygen Substituents on Bacterial Bioluminescence |
| title_sort | effects of endohedral gd containing fullerenols with a different number of oxygen substituents on bacterial bioluminescence |
| topic | endohedral fullerenol gadolinium bioluminescence bacterial bioassay toxicity enzymatic bioassay |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/708 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT evseiastepin effectsofendohedralgdcontainingfullerenolswithadifferentnumberofoxygensubstituentsonbacterialbioluminescence AT ekaterinassushko effectsofendohedralgdcontainingfullerenolswithadifferentnumberofoxygensubstituentsonbacterialbioluminescence AT nataliagvnukova effectsofendohedralgdcontainingfullerenolswithadifferentnumberofoxygensubstituentsonbacterialbioluminescence AT grigoriynchurilov effectsofendohedralgdcontainingfullerenolswithadifferentnumberofoxygensubstituentsonbacterialbioluminescence AT anastasiavrogova effectsofendohedralgdcontainingfullerenolswithadifferentnumberofoxygensubstituentsonbacterialbioluminescence AT felixntomilin effectsofendohedralgdcontainingfullerenolswithadifferentnumberofoxygensubstituentsonbacterialbioluminescence AT nadezhdaskudryasheva effectsofendohedralgdcontainingfullerenolswithadifferentnumberofoxygensubstituentsonbacterialbioluminescence |