Quaternion Model of Higher-Order Rotating Polarization Wave Modulation for High Data Rate M2M LPWAN Communication
With growing interest in Industry 4.0, machine-to-machine communication (M2M) will become the key enabler for low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) in connecting machines and sensor nodes distributed across a distance in the industrial environment. The choice of modulation and diversity techniques,...
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/383 |
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| author | Zaid Ahmad Shaiful Jahari Hashim Fakhrul Zaman Rokhani Syed Abul Rahman Al-Haddad Aduwati Sali Ken Takei |
| author_facet | Zaid Ahmad Shaiful Jahari Hashim Fakhrul Zaman Rokhani Syed Abul Rahman Al-Haddad Aduwati Sali Ken Takei |
| author_sort | Zaid Ahmad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With growing interest in Industry 4.0, machine-to-machine communication (M2M) will become the key enabler for low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) in connecting machines and sensor nodes distributed across a distance in the industrial environment. The choice of modulation and diversity techniques, and the selection of spectrum (licensed/unlicensed) will impact and influence the requirements of wireless M2M systems. Link reliability is one of the most important requirements for LPWAN deployment in industrial scenarios. Rotating Polarization Wave (RPW) system has been recently proposed as an LPWAN solution for reliable M2M communication in high clutter environment and it deploys BPSK modulation with polarization diversity (PD). This paper proposes a new multi-level Rotating Polarization Phase-Shift Keying (RP-MPSK) modulation to provide high data rate and energy efficiency. A novel quaternion model for RPW system (Q-RPW) is also proposed to reduce the complexity in modeling, simulation, and implementation. Results using Q-RPW model show that RP-MPSK modulation offers a high diversity gain over BPSK with second-order diversity. Bit error rate (BER) performance of RP-MPSK modulation compared against other LPWAN modulation like MPSK, FSK and QAM has shown high reliability and substantial improvement in SNR. To overcome the degradation in error performance caused by the proposed higher-order modulation, sampling rates are recommended based on BER performance. BER performance of RP-MPSK under multipath and interference conditions is also investigated. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:40:59Z |
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| id | doaj.art-315548b8a848481e88bf78468fb6205b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:40:59Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-315548b8a848481e88bf78468fb6205b2023-12-03T12:24:47ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-01-0121238310.3390/s21020383Quaternion Model of Higher-Order Rotating Polarization Wave Modulation for High Data Rate M2M LPWAN CommunicationZaid Ahmad0Shaiful Jahari Hashim1Fakhrul Zaman Rokhani2Syed Abul Rahman Al-Haddad3Aduwati Sali4Ken Takei5WiPNET Research Center, Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, MalaysiaWiPNET Research Center, Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, MalaysiaWiPNET Research Center, Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, MalaysiaWiPNET Research Center, Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, MalaysiaWiPNET Research Center, Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, MalaysiaResearch and Development Group, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo 185-8601, JapanWith growing interest in Industry 4.0, machine-to-machine communication (M2M) will become the key enabler for low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) in connecting machines and sensor nodes distributed across a distance in the industrial environment. The choice of modulation and diversity techniques, and the selection of spectrum (licensed/unlicensed) will impact and influence the requirements of wireless M2M systems. Link reliability is one of the most important requirements for LPWAN deployment in industrial scenarios. Rotating Polarization Wave (RPW) system has been recently proposed as an LPWAN solution for reliable M2M communication in high clutter environment and it deploys BPSK modulation with polarization diversity (PD). This paper proposes a new multi-level Rotating Polarization Phase-Shift Keying (RP-MPSK) modulation to provide high data rate and energy efficiency. A novel quaternion model for RPW system (Q-RPW) is also proposed to reduce the complexity in modeling, simulation, and implementation. Results using Q-RPW model show that RP-MPSK modulation offers a high diversity gain over BPSK with second-order diversity. Bit error rate (BER) performance of RP-MPSK modulation compared against other LPWAN modulation like MPSK, FSK and QAM has shown high reliability and substantial improvement in SNR. To overcome the degradation in error performance caused by the proposed higher-order modulation, sampling rates are recommended based on BER performance. BER performance of RP-MPSK under multipath and interference conditions is also investigated.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/383polarization diversityLPWANmachine-to-machine communicationphase-shift keyingindustrial communication systemssub-gigahertz band |
| spellingShingle | Zaid Ahmad Shaiful Jahari Hashim Fakhrul Zaman Rokhani Syed Abul Rahman Al-Haddad Aduwati Sali Ken Takei Quaternion Model of Higher-Order Rotating Polarization Wave Modulation for High Data Rate M2M LPWAN Communication Sensors polarization diversity LPWAN machine-to-machine communication phase-shift keying industrial communication systems sub-gigahertz band |
| title | Quaternion Model of Higher-Order Rotating Polarization Wave Modulation for High Data Rate M2M LPWAN Communication |
| title_full | Quaternion Model of Higher-Order Rotating Polarization Wave Modulation for High Data Rate M2M LPWAN Communication |
| title_fullStr | Quaternion Model of Higher-Order Rotating Polarization Wave Modulation for High Data Rate M2M LPWAN Communication |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quaternion Model of Higher-Order Rotating Polarization Wave Modulation for High Data Rate M2M LPWAN Communication |
| title_short | Quaternion Model of Higher-Order Rotating Polarization Wave Modulation for High Data Rate M2M LPWAN Communication |
| title_sort | quaternion model of higher order rotating polarization wave modulation for high data rate m2m lpwan communication |
| topic | polarization diversity LPWAN machine-to-machine communication phase-shift keying industrial communication systems sub-gigahertz band |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/383 |
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