Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasis
Current views show that an impaired balance partly explains the fat accumulation leading to obesity. Fetal malnutrition and early exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds also contribute to obesity and impaired insulin secretion and/or sensitivity. The liver plays a major role in systemic glucose...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-05-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1154561/full |
| _version_ | 1797823549357948928 |
|---|---|
| author | Gabriella Garruti Jacek Baj Angelo Cignarelli Sebastio Perrini Francesco Giorgino |
| author_facet | Gabriella Garruti Jacek Baj Angelo Cignarelli Sebastio Perrini Francesco Giorgino |
| author_sort | Gabriella Garruti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Current views show that an impaired balance partly explains the fat accumulation leading to obesity. Fetal malnutrition and early exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds also contribute to obesity and impaired insulin secretion and/or sensitivity. The liver plays a major role in systemic glucose homeostasis through hepatokines secreted by hepatocytes. Hepatokines influence metabolism through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling and mediate the crosstalk between the liver, non-hepatic target tissues, and the brain. The liver also synthetizes bile acids (BAs) from cholesterol and secretes them into the bile. After food consumption, BAs mediate the digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and lipids in the duodenum. In recent studies, BAs act not simply as fat emulsifiers but represent endocrine molecules regulating key metabolic pathways. The liver is also the main site of the production of ketone bodies (KBs). In prolonged fasting, the brain utilizes KBs as an alternative to CHO. In the last few years, the ketogenic diet (KD) became a promising dietary intervention. Studies on subjects undergoing KD show that KBs are important mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress. The present review will focus on the role played by hepatokines, BAs, and KBs in obesity, and diabetes prevention and management and analyze the positive effects of BAs, KD, and hepatokine receptor analogs, which might justify their use as new therapeutic approaches for metabolic and aging-related diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T10:25:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-31675770e1d34a47a9898e9c1eda1704 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2392 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T10:25:35Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
| spelling | doaj.art-31675770e1d34a47a9898e9c1eda17042023-05-19T13:00:39ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Endocrinology1664-23922023-05-011410.3389/fendo.2023.11545611154561Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasisGabriella Garruti0Jacek Baj1Angelo Cignarelli2Sebastio Perrini3Francesco Giorgino4Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, ItalyDepartment of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, PolandUnit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, ItalyUnit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, ItalyUnit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, ItalyCurrent views show that an impaired balance partly explains the fat accumulation leading to obesity. Fetal malnutrition and early exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds also contribute to obesity and impaired insulin secretion and/or sensitivity. The liver plays a major role in systemic glucose homeostasis through hepatokines secreted by hepatocytes. Hepatokines influence metabolism through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling and mediate the crosstalk between the liver, non-hepatic target tissues, and the brain. The liver also synthetizes bile acids (BAs) from cholesterol and secretes them into the bile. After food consumption, BAs mediate the digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and lipids in the duodenum. In recent studies, BAs act not simply as fat emulsifiers but represent endocrine molecules regulating key metabolic pathways. The liver is also the main site of the production of ketone bodies (KBs). In prolonged fasting, the brain utilizes KBs as an alternative to CHO. In the last few years, the ketogenic diet (KD) became a promising dietary intervention. Studies on subjects undergoing KD show that KBs are important mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress. The present review will focus on the role played by hepatokines, BAs, and KBs in obesity, and diabetes prevention and management and analyze the positive effects of BAs, KD, and hepatokine receptor analogs, which might justify their use as new therapeutic approaches for metabolic and aging-related diseases.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1154561/fullbile acidsfastingGPBAR1hepatokinesketogenic diet |
| spellingShingle | Gabriella Garruti Jacek Baj Angelo Cignarelli Sebastio Perrini Francesco Giorgino Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasis Frontiers in Endocrinology bile acids fasting GPBAR1 hepatokines ketogenic diet |
| title | Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasis |
| title_full | Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasis |
| title_fullStr | Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasis |
| title_short | Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasis |
| title_sort | hepatokines bile acids and ketone bodies are novel hormones regulating energy homeostasis |
| topic | bile acids fasting GPBAR1 hepatokines ketogenic diet |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1154561/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gabriellagarruti hepatokinesbileacidsandketonebodiesarenovelhormonesregulatingenergyhomeostasis AT jacekbaj hepatokinesbileacidsandketonebodiesarenovelhormonesregulatingenergyhomeostasis AT angelocignarelli hepatokinesbileacidsandketonebodiesarenovelhormonesregulatingenergyhomeostasis AT sebastioperrini hepatokinesbileacidsandketonebodiesarenovelhormonesregulatingenergyhomeostasis AT francescogiorgino hepatokinesbileacidsandketonebodiesarenovelhormonesregulatingenergyhomeostasis |