Lung Cancer Staging—A Clinical Practice Review
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated death globally. Staging provides classification of the anatomic extent of cancer that is used consistently worldwide. Lung cancer staging is necessary for prognostication, to inform treatment options, and to allow accurate representation in clini...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Journal of Respiration |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-527X/4/1/5 |
| _version_ | 1797240395958059008 |
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| author | Ali B. Rueschhoff Andrew W. Moore Maykol R. Postigo Jasahui |
| author_facet | Ali B. Rueschhoff Andrew W. Moore Maykol R. Postigo Jasahui |
| author_sort | Ali B. Rueschhoff |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated death globally. Staging provides classification of the anatomic extent of cancer that is used consistently worldwide. Lung cancer staging is necessary for prognostication, to inform treatment options, and to allow accurate representation in clinical trials. Staging also separates operable from inoperable disease. Since its introduction in the 1970s, the Tumor, Node and Metastasis (TNM) Staging System has undergone significant revisions, with the latest version, the eighth edition, being effective internationally since 2017. Advances in bronchoscopic and thoracoscopic technologies have expanded procedures to diagnose lung cancer and accurately define the anatomic stage. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of available methods for staging lung cancer is critical to clinician decision making. In patients with lung cancer without distant metastases, the staging of mediastinal lymph nodes determines treatment options. To minimize the risk and cost, the most appropriate method of staging should identify the highest disease stage while carrying acceptable risk. Minimally invasive endoscopic needle techniques to stage the mediastinum are the first choice to assess for metastases in accessible lymph node stations. Surgical techniques are generally reserved for specific clinical situations, including following negative endoscopic needle techniques when suspicion for nodal involvement is high and to assess endoscopically inaccessible lymph nodes. This review provides a concise account of TNM staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and overview of procedures available for the staging of lung cancer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:06:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-318eacd491e7442c93b92a9a6a72c067 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-527X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:06:46Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Respiration |
| spelling | doaj.art-318eacd491e7442c93b92a9a6a72c0672024-03-27T13:49:48ZengMDPI AGJournal of Respiration2673-527X2024-02-0141506110.3390/jor4010005Lung Cancer Staging—A Clinical Practice ReviewAli B. Rueschhoff0Andrew W. Moore1Maykol R. Postigo Jasahui2Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USADivision of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USADivision of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USALung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated death globally. Staging provides classification of the anatomic extent of cancer that is used consistently worldwide. Lung cancer staging is necessary for prognostication, to inform treatment options, and to allow accurate representation in clinical trials. Staging also separates operable from inoperable disease. Since its introduction in the 1970s, the Tumor, Node and Metastasis (TNM) Staging System has undergone significant revisions, with the latest version, the eighth edition, being effective internationally since 2017. Advances in bronchoscopic and thoracoscopic technologies have expanded procedures to diagnose lung cancer and accurately define the anatomic stage. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of available methods for staging lung cancer is critical to clinician decision making. In patients with lung cancer without distant metastases, the staging of mediastinal lymph nodes determines treatment options. To minimize the risk and cost, the most appropriate method of staging should identify the highest disease stage while carrying acceptable risk. Minimally invasive endoscopic needle techniques to stage the mediastinum are the first choice to assess for metastases in accessible lymph node stations. Surgical techniques are generally reserved for specific clinical situations, including following negative endoscopic needle techniques when suspicion for nodal involvement is high and to assess endoscopically inaccessible lymph nodes. This review provides a concise account of TNM staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and overview of procedures available for the staging of lung cancer.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-527X/4/1/5non-small cell lung cancerendobronchial ultrasonographytransbronchial needle aspirationvideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgerypleuroscopy |
| spellingShingle | Ali B. Rueschhoff Andrew W. Moore Maykol R. Postigo Jasahui Lung Cancer Staging—A Clinical Practice Review Journal of Respiration non-small cell lung cancer endobronchial ultrasonography transbronchial needle aspiration video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery pleuroscopy |
| title | Lung Cancer Staging—A Clinical Practice Review |
| title_full | Lung Cancer Staging—A Clinical Practice Review |
| title_fullStr | Lung Cancer Staging—A Clinical Practice Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lung Cancer Staging—A Clinical Practice Review |
| title_short | Lung Cancer Staging—A Clinical Practice Review |
| title_sort | lung cancer staging a clinical practice review |
| topic | non-small cell lung cancer endobronchial ultrasonography transbronchial needle aspiration video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery pleuroscopy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-527X/4/1/5 |
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