The Kinematics of Scale Deflection in the Course of Multi-Step Seed Extraction from European Larch Cones (<i>Larix decidua</i> Mill.) Taking into Account Their Cellular Structure
The objective of the study was to elucidate the kinematics of cone opening in the European larch (<i>Larix decidua</i> Mill.) during a four-step seed extraction process and to determine optimum process time on that basis. Each step lasted 8 h with 10 min of water immersion between the st...
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| Format: | Article |
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2021-08-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/17/4913 |
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| author | Ewa Tulska Monika Aniszewska Arkadiusz Gendek |
| author_facet | Ewa Tulska Monika Aniszewska Arkadiusz Gendek |
| author_sort | Ewa Tulska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The objective of the study was to elucidate the kinematics of cone opening in the European larch (<i>Larix decidua</i> Mill.) during a four-step seed extraction process and to determine optimum process time on that basis. Each step lasted 8 h with 10 min of water immersion between the steps. The study also described the microscopic cellular structure of scales in cones with a moisture content of 5% and 20%, as well as evaluated changes in cell wall thickness. The obtained results were compared with the structural investigations of scales conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of characteristic sites on the inner and outer sides of the scales. The greatest increment in the scale opening angle was noted on the first day of the process (34°) and in scales from the middle cone segment (39°). In scales with a moisture content of 5% and 20%, the greatest changes in cell wall thickness were recorded for large cells (57%). The inner and outer structure of scales differed in terms of the presence and size of cells depending on the moisture content of the cones (5%, 10%, or 20%). The study demonstrated that the moisture content of cones was the crucial determinant of the cellular structure and opening of scales in larch cones. The scale opening angle increased with decreasing moisture content but did not differ significantly for various segments of cones or various hours of the consecutive days of the process. This finding may lead to reducing the seed extraction time for larch cones. The internal and external structure of scales differed depending on moisture content, which also determined the size and wall thickness of cells. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:07:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3190f27eba84403e804de34f68259a37 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:07:37Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-3190f27eba84403e804de34f68259a372023-11-22T10:53:31ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-08-011417491310.3390/ma14174913The Kinematics of Scale Deflection in the Course of Multi-Step Seed Extraction from European Larch Cones (<i>Larix decidua</i> Mill.) Taking into Account Their Cellular StructureEwa Tulska0Monika Aniszewska1Arkadiusz Gendek2Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 164, 02-787 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 164, 02-787 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 164, 02-787 Warsaw, PolandThe objective of the study was to elucidate the kinematics of cone opening in the European larch (<i>Larix decidua</i> Mill.) during a four-step seed extraction process and to determine optimum process time on that basis. Each step lasted 8 h with 10 min of water immersion between the steps. The study also described the microscopic cellular structure of scales in cones with a moisture content of 5% and 20%, as well as evaluated changes in cell wall thickness. The obtained results were compared with the structural investigations of scales conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of characteristic sites on the inner and outer sides of the scales. The greatest increment in the scale opening angle was noted on the first day of the process (34°) and in scales from the middle cone segment (39°). In scales with a moisture content of 5% and 20%, the greatest changes in cell wall thickness were recorded for large cells (57%). The inner and outer structure of scales differed in terms of the presence and size of cells depending on the moisture content of the cones (5%, 10%, or 20%). The study demonstrated that the moisture content of cones was the crucial determinant of the cellular structure and opening of scales in larch cones. The scale opening angle increased with decreasing moisture content but did not differ significantly for various segments of cones or various hours of the consecutive days of the process. This finding may lead to reducing the seed extraction time for larch cones. The internal and external structure of scales differed depending on moisture content, which also determined the size and wall thickness of cells.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/17/4913scale opening mechanicsseed extractionmorphological structure |
| spellingShingle | Ewa Tulska Monika Aniszewska Arkadiusz Gendek The Kinematics of Scale Deflection in the Course of Multi-Step Seed Extraction from European Larch Cones (<i>Larix decidua</i> Mill.) Taking into Account Their Cellular Structure Materials scale opening mechanics seed extraction morphological structure |
| title | The Kinematics of Scale Deflection in the Course of Multi-Step Seed Extraction from European Larch Cones (<i>Larix decidua</i> Mill.) Taking into Account Their Cellular Structure |
| title_full | The Kinematics of Scale Deflection in the Course of Multi-Step Seed Extraction from European Larch Cones (<i>Larix decidua</i> Mill.) Taking into Account Their Cellular Structure |
| title_fullStr | The Kinematics of Scale Deflection in the Course of Multi-Step Seed Extraction from European Larch Cones (<i>Larix decidua</i> Mill.) Taking into Account Their Cellular Structure |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Kinematics of Scale Deflection in the Course of Multi-Step Seed Extraction from European Larch Cones (<i>Larix decidua</i> Mill.) Taking into Account Their Cellular Structure |
| title_short | The Kinematics of Scale Deflection in the Course of Multi-Step Seed Extraction from European Larch Cones (<i>Larix decidua</i> Mill.) Taking into Account Their Cellular Structure |
| title_sort | kinematics of scale deflection in the course of multi step seed extraction from european larch cones i larix decidua i mill taking into account their cellular structure |
| topic | scale opening mechanics seed extraction morphological structure |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/17/4913 |
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