| Summary: | The successful utilization of marginal and degraded lands for biomass and bioenergy production depends upon various factors such as climatic conditions, the adaptive traits of the tree species and their growth rate and respective belowground responses. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the growth performance of a bioenergy tree (<i>Dalbergia sissoo</i> Roxb.) grown in marginal and degraded land of the Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh, India and to analyze the effect of <i>D. sissoo</i> plantations on soil quality improvement over the study years. For this, a soil quality index (SQI) was developed based on principal component analysis (PCA) to understand the effect of <i>D. sissoo</i> plantations on belowground responses. PCA results showed that among the studied soil variables, bulk density (BD), moisture content (MC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil urease activity (SUA) are the key variables critically influencing the growth of <i>D. sissoo</i>. The SQI was found in an increasing order with the growth period of <i>D. sissoo</i>. (i.e., from 0.419 during the first year to 0.579 in the fourth year). A strong correlation was also observed between the growth attributes (diameter at breast height, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.870; and plant height, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.861) and the soil quality (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Therefore, the developed SQI can be used as key indicator for monitoring the restoration potential of <i>D. sissoo</i> growing in marginal and degraded lands and also for adopting suitable interventions to further improve soil quality for multipurpose land restoration programs, thereby attaining land degradation neutrality and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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