Sexual Dimorphism in Outcomes of Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Role of CD163+ Macrophages, B cells, and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint

Sexual Dimorphism in Outcomes of Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Role of CD163+ Macrophages, B cells, and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint

Background: Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is over three times as common in men as it is in women; however, female patients do not respond as well to immunotherapeutic treatments and experience worse clinical outcomes than their male counterparts. Based on the established sexual dimorphi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Stephen Chenard, Chelsea Jackson, Thiago Vidotto, Lina Chen, Céline Hardy, Tamara Jamaspishvilli, David Berman, D. Robert Siemens, Madhuri Koti
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2021-07-01
Series:European Urology Open Science
Subjects:
Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Sexual dimorphism
Tumor immune microenvironment
Tumor-associated macrophages
B cells
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666168321000938

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