A Novel Method for Determination of the Natural Toxin Ptaquiloside in Ground and Drinking Water
Ptaquiloside (PTA) is a carcinogenic compound naturally occurring in bracken ferns (<i>Pteridium aquilinum</i>). It is highly water soluble and prone to leaching from topsoil to surface and groundwaters. Due to possible human exposure via drinking water, PTA is considered as an emerging...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-10-01
|
| Series: | Water |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/10/2852 |
| _version_ | 1797551124530593792 |
|---|---|
| author | Natasa Skrbic Ann-Katrin Pedersen Sarah C. B. Christensen Hans Christian Bruun Hansen Lars Holm Rasmussen |
| author_facet | Natasa Skrbic Ann-Katrin Pedersen Sarah C. B. Christensen Hans Christian Bruun Hansen Lars Holm Rasmussen |
| author_sort | Natasa Skrbic |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ptaquiloside (PTA) is a carcinogenic compound naturally occurring in bracken ferns (<i>Pteridium aquilinum</i>). It is highly water soluble and prone to leaching from topsoil to surface and groundwaters. Due to possible human exposure via drinking water, PTA is considered as an emerging contaminant. We present a sensitive and robust method for analysis of PTA and its degradation product pterosin B (PtB) in groundwater. The method comprises two steps: sample preservation at the field site followed by sample pre-concentration in the laboratory. The preservation step was developed by applying a Plackett–Burman experimental design testing the following variables: water type, pH, filtering, bottle type, storage temperature, transportation conditions and test time. The best sample preservation was obtained by using amber glass bottles, unfiltered solutions buffered at pH 6, transported without ice, stored at 4 °C and analysed within 48 h. The recovery was 94% to 100%. The sample purification step had a pre-concentration factor of 250, and the recovery percentages of the entire method were 85 ± 2 (PTA) and 91 ± 3 (PtB). The limits of detection (LOD) of the full method were 0.001 µg L<sup>−1</sup> and 0.0001 µg L<sup>−1</sup> for PTA and PtB, respectively. The method enables sensitive monitoring of PTA and PtB in groundwater. Carcinogenic PTA was detected in one groundwater well (0.35 µg L<sup>−1</sup>). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:40:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-31b864348e9541dd955fe3d6e154dd06 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:40:13Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-31b864348e9541dd955fe3d6e154dd062023-11-20T16:54:33ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-10-011210285210.3390/w12102852A Novel Method for Determination of the Natural Toxin Ptaquiloside in Ground and Drinking WaterNatasa Skrbic0Ann-Katrin Pedersen1Sarah C. B. Christensen2Hans Christian Bruun Hansen3Lars Holm Rasmussen4Greater Copenhagen Utility HOFOR, Parkstien 10, 2450 Copenhagen, DenmarkGreater Copenhagen Utility HOFOR, Parkstien 10, 2450 Copenhagen, DenmarkGreater Copenhagen Utility HOFOR, Parkstien 10, 2450 Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, DenmarkDepartment of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, 2200 Copenhagen, DenmarkPtaquiloside (PTA) is a carcinogenic compound naturally occurring in bracken ferns (<i>Pteridium aquilinum</i>). It is highly water soluble and prone to leaching from topsoil to surface and groundwaters. Due to possible human exposure via drinking water, PTA is considered as an emerging contaminant. We present a sensitive and robust method for analysis of PTA and its degradation product pterosin B (PtB) in groundwater. The method comprises two steps: sample preservation at the field site followed by sample pre-concentration in the laboratory. The preservation step was developed by applying a Plackett–Burman experimental design testing the following variables: water type, pH, filtering, bottle type, storage temperature, transportation conditions and test time. The best sample preservation was obtained by using amber glass bottles, unfiltered solutions buffered at pH 6, transported without ice, stored at 4 °C and analysed within 48 h. The recovery was 94% to 100%. The sample purification step had a pre-concentration factor of 250, and the recovery percentages of the entire method were 85 ± 2 (PTA) and 91 ± 3 (PtB). The limits of detection (LOD) of the full method were 0.001 µg L<sup>−1</sup> and 0.0001 µg L<sup>−1</sup> for PTA and PtB, respectively. The method enables sensitive monitoring of PTA and PtB in groundwater. Carcinogenic PTA was detected in one groundwater well (0.35 µg L<sup>−1</sup>).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/10/2852natural toxins<i>Pteridium</i>carcinogensdrinking water |
| spellingShingle | Natasa Skrbic Ann-Katrin Pedersen Sarah C. B. Christensen Hans Christian Bruun Hansen Lars Holm Rasmussen A Novel Method for Determination of the Natural Toxin Ptaquiloside in Ground and Drinking Water Water natural toxins <i>Pteridium</i> carcinogens drinking water |
| title | A Novel Method for Determination of the Natural Toxin Ptaquiloside in Ground and Drinking Water |
| title_full | A Novel Method for Determination of the Natural Toxin Ptaquiloside in Ground and Drinking Water |
| title_fullStr | A Novel Method for Determination of the Natural Toxin Ptaquiloside in Ground and Drinking Water |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Novel Method for Determination of the Natural Toxin Ptaquiloside in Ground and Drinking Water |
| title_short | A Novel Method for Determination of the Natural Toxin Ptaquiloside in Ground and Drinking Water |
| title_sort | novel method for determination of the natural toxin ptaquiloside in ground and drinking water |
| topic | natural toxins <i>Pteridium</i> carcinogens drinking water |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/10/2852 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT natasaskrbic anovelmethodfordeterminationofthenaturaltoxinptaquilosideingroundanddrinkingwater AT annkatrinpedersen anovelmethodfordeterminationofthenaturaltoxinptaquilosideingroundanddrinkingwater AT sarahcbchristensen anovelmethodfordeterminationofthenaturaltoxinptaquilosideingroundanddrinkingwater AT hanschristianbruunhansen anovelmethodfordeterminationofthenaturaltoxinptaquilosideingroundanddrinkingwater AT larsholmrasmussen anovelmethodfordeterminationofthenaturaltoxinptaquilosideingroundanddrinkingwater AT natasaskrbic novelmethodfordeterminationofthenaturaltoxinptaquilosideingroundanddrinkingwater AT annkatrinpedersen novelmethodfordeterminationofthenaturaltoxinptaquilosideingroundanddrinkingwater AT sarahcbchristensen novelmethodfordeterminationofthenaturaltoxinptaquilosideingroundanddrinkingwater AT hanschristianbruunhansen novelmethodfordeterminationofthenaturaltoxinptaquilosideingroundanddrinkingwater AT larsholmrasmussen novelmethodfordeterminationofthenaturaltoxinptaquilosideingroundanddrinkingwater |