Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurological illness that causes considerable cognitive impairment. Hepatic and renal dysfunction may worsen AD by disrupting β-amyloid homeostasis at the periphery and by causing metabolic dysfunction. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) has been shown t...
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| author | Karema Abu-Elfotuh Ghada M. Ragab Ahmad Salahuddin Lubna Jamil Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem |
| author_facet | Karema Abu-Elfotuh Ghada M. Ragab Ahmad Salahuddin Lubna Jamil Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem |
| author_sort | Karema Abu-Elfotuh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurological illness that causes considerable cognitive impairment. Hepatic and renal dysfunction may worsen AD by disrupting β-amyloid homeostasis at the periphery and by causing metabolic dysfunction. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work aims to study the effect of aluminum on neuronal cells, its consequences on the liver and kidneys, and the possible role of fluoxetine and wheatgrass juice in attenuating these pathological conditions. Method: Rats were divided into five groups. Control, AD (AlCl<sub>3</sub>), Fluoxetine (Fluoxetine and AlCl<sub>3</sub>), Wheatgrass (Wheatgrass and AlCl<sub>3</sub>), and combination group (fluoxetine, wheatgrass, and AlCl<sub>3</sub>). All groups were assigned daily to different treatments for five weeks. Conclusions: AlCl<sub>3</sub> elevated liver and kidney enzymes, over-production of oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Besides, accumulation of tau protein and Aβ, the elevation of ACHE and GSK-3β, down-regulation of BDNF, and β–catenin expression in the brain. Histopathological examinations of the liver, kidney, and brain confirmed this toxicity, while treating AD groups with fluoxetine, wheatgrass, or a combination alleviates toxic insults. Conclusion: Fluoxetine and wheatgrass combination demonstrated a more significant neuroprotective impact in treating AD than fluoxetine alone and has protective effects on liver and kidney tissues. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:54:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-323683209a4c4509a0d628acfce2af43 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:54:38Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-323683209a4c4509a0d628acfce2af432023-11-22T21:26:01ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-11-012621675210.3390/molecules26216752Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and NephrotoxicityKarema Abu-Elfotuh0Ghada M. Ragab1Ahmad Salahuddin2Lubna Jamil3Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem4Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, EgyptDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12585, EgyptDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, EgyptDepartment of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza 12585, EgyptDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, EgyptBackground: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurological illness that causes considerable cognitive impairment. Hepatic and renal dysfunction may worsen AD by disrupting β-amyloid homeostasis at the periphery and by causing metabolic dysfunction. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work aims to study the effect of aluminum on neuronal cells, its consequences on the liver and kidneys, and the possible role of fluoxetine and wheatgrass juice in attenuating these pathological conditions. Method: Rats were divided into five groups. Control, AD (AlCl<sub>3</sub>), Fluoxetine (Fluoxetine and AlCl<sub>3</sub>), Wheatgrass (Wheatgrass and AlCl<sub>3</sub>), and combination group (fluoxetine, wheatgrass, and AlCl<sub>3</sub>). All groups were assigned daily to different treatments for five weeks. Conclusions: AlCl<sub>3</sub> elevated liver and kidney enzymes, over-production of oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Besides, accumulation of tau protein and Aβ, the elevation of ACHE and GSK-3β, down-regulation of BDNF, and β–catenin expression in the brain. Histopathological examinations of the liver, kidney, and brain confirmed this toxicity, while treating AD groups with fluoxetine, wheatgrass, or a combination alleviates toxic insults. Conclusion: Fluoxetine and wheatgrass combination demonstrated a more significant neuroprotective impact in treating AD than fluoxetine alone and has protective effects on liver and kidney tissues.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6752Alzheimer’s<i>Triticum aestivum</i>β–cateninGSK-3ββ-amyloidtau protein |
| spellingShingle | Karema Abu-Elfotuh Ghada M. Ragab Ahmad Salahuddin Lubna Jamil Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Molecules Alzheimer’s <i>Triticum aestivum</i> β–catenin GSK-3β β-amyloid tau protein |
| title | Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity |
| title_full | Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity |
| title_fullStr | Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity |
| title_short | Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity |
| title_sort | attenuative effects of fluoxetine and i triticum aestivum i against aluminum induced alzheimer s disease in rats the possible consequences on hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity |
| topic | Alzheimer’s <i>Triticum aestivum</i> β–catenin GSK-3β β-amyloid tau protein |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6752 |
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