ALMA High-resolution Spectral Survey of Thioformaldehyde (H2CS) toward Massive Protoclusters
Investigating the temperature and density structures of gas in massive protoclusters is crucial for understanding the chemical properties therein. In this study, we present observations of the continuum and thioformaldehyde (H _2 CS) lines at 345 GHz of 11 massive protoclusters using the Atacama Lar...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
IOP Publishing
2024-01-01
|
| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad110f |
| _version_ | 1797336170478174208 |
|---|---|
| author | Li Chen Sheng-Li Qin Tie Liu Hong-Li Liu Sheng-Yuan Liu Meizhu Liu Hongqiong Shi Chuanshou Li Mengyao Tang Tianwei Zhang Ken’ichi Tatematsu Xiaohu Li Fengwei Xu Yuefang Wu Dongting Yang |
| author_facet | Li Chen Sheng-Li Qin Tie Liu Hong-Li Liu Sheng-Yuan Liu Meizhu Liu Hongqiong Shi Chuanshou Li Mengyao Tang Tianwei Zhang Ken’ichi Tatematsu Xiaohu Li Fengwei Xu Yuefang Wu Dongting Yang |
| author_sort | Li Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Investigating the temperature and density structures of gas in massive protoclusters is crucial for understanding the chemical properties therein. In this study, we present observations of the continuum and thioformaldehyde (H _2 CS) lines at 345 GHz of 11 massive protoclusters using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array telescope. High spatial resolution and sensitivity observations have detected 145 continuum cores from the 11 sources. H _2 CS line transitions are observed in 72 out of 145 cores, including line-rich cores, warm cores, and cold cores. The H _2 column densities of the 72 cores are estimated from the continuum emission, which are larger than the density threshold value for star formation, suggesting that H _2 CS can be widely distributed in star-forming cores with different physical environments. The rotation temperature and column density of H _2 CS are derived using the XCLASS software. The results show that the H _2 CS abundances increase as temperature rises and higher gas temperatures are usually associated with higher H _2 CS column densities. The abundances of H _2 CS are positively correlated with its column density, suggesting that the H _2 CS abundances are enhanced from cold cores, warm cores, and line-rich cores in star-forming regions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T08:50:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-32538552ce874ebbaa10a06aa5a7833e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T08:50:09Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-32538552ce874ebbaa10a06aa5a7833e2024-02-01T11:17:23ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572024-01-0196211310.3847/1538-4357/ad110fALMA High-resolution Spectral Survey of Thioformaldehyde (H2CS) toward Massive ProtoclustersLi Chen0https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8154-4205Sheng-Li Qin1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2302-0613Tie Liu2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5286-2564Hong-Li Liu3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-9645Sheng-Yuan Liu4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4603-7119Meizhu Liu5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5789-7504Hongqiong Shi6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8277-1367Chuanshou Li7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5710-6509Mengyao Tang8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9160-2944Tianwei Zhang9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1466-3484Ken’ichi Tatematsu10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8149-8546Xiaohu Li11https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2090-5416Fengwei Xu12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5950-1932Yuefang Wu13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5076-7520Dongting Yang14https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6159-5375School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China ; li.chen@mail.ynu.edu.cnSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China ; li.chen@mail.ynu.edu.cnShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China ; li.chen@mail.ynu.edu.cnAcademia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 11F AS/NTU Astronomy-Mathematics Building, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, TaiwanSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China ; li.chen@mail.ynu.edu.cnSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China ; li.chen@mail.ynu.edu.cnSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China ; li.chen@mail.ynu.edu.cnInstitute of Astrophysics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Chuxiong Normal University , Chuxiong 675000, People's Republic of ChinaResearch Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms, Zhejiang Laboratory , Hangzhou 311100, People's Republic of China; I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Straße 77, D-50937 Köln, GermanyNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanXinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, People's Republic of ChinaKavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China ; li.chen@mail.ynu.edu.cnInvestigating the temperature and density structures of gas in massive protoclusters is crucial for understanding the chemical properties therein. In this study, we present observations of the continuum and thioformaldehyde (H _2 CS) lines at 345 GHz of 11 massive protoclusters using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array telescope. High spatial resolution and sensitivity observations have detected 145 continuum cores from the 11 sources. H _2 CS line transitions are observed in 72 out of 145 cores, including line-rich cores, warm cores, and cold cores. The H _2 column densities of the 72 cores are estimated from the continuum emission, which are larger than the density threshold value for star formation, suggesting that H _2 CS can be widely distributed in star-forming cores with different physical environments. The rotation temperature and column density of H _2 CS are derived using the XCLASS software. The results show that the H _2 CS abundances increase as temperature rises and higher gas temperatures are usually associated with higher H _2 CS column densities. The abundances of H _2 CS are positively correlated with its column density, suggesting that the H _2 CS abundances are enhanced from cold cores, warm cores, and line-rich cores in star-forming regions.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad110fAstrochemistrySpectral line identificationChemical abundances |
| spellingShingle | Li Chen Sheng-Li Qin Tie Liu Hong-Li Liu Sheng-Yuan Liu Meizhu Liu Hongqiong Shi Chuanshou Li Mengyao Tang Tianwei Zhang Ken’ichi Tatematsu Xiaohu Li Fengwei Xu Yuefang Wu Dongting Yang ALMA High-resolution Spectral Survey of Thioformaldehyde (H2CS) toward Massive Protoclusters The Astrophysical Journal Astrochemistry Spectral line identification Chemical abundances |
| title | ALMA High-resolution Spectral Survey of Thioformaldehyde (H2CS) toward Massive Protoclusters |
| title_full | ALMA High-resolution Spectral Survey of Thioformaldehyde (H2CS) toward Massive Protoclusters |
| title_fullStr | ALMA High-resolution Spectral Survey of Thioformaldehyde (H2CS) toward Massive Protoclusters |
| title_full_unstemmed | ALMA High-resolution Spectral Survey of Thioformaldehyde (H2CS) toward Massive Protoclusters |
| title_short | ALMA High-resolution Spectral Survey of Thioformaldehyde (H2CS) toward Massive Protoclusters |
| title_sort | alma high resolution spectral survey of thioformaldehyde h2cs toward massive protoclusters |
| topic | Astrochemistry Spectral line identification Chemical abundances |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad110f |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lichen almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT shengliqin almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT tieliu almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT hongliliu almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT shengyuanliu almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT meizhuliu almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT hongqiongshi almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT chuanshouli almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT mengyaotang almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT tianweizhang almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT kenichitatematsu almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT xiaohuli almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT fengweixu almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT yuefangwu almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters AT dongtingyang almahighresolutionspectralsurveyofthioformaldehydeh2cstowardmassiveprotoclusters |