Follistatin-Like Proteins: Structure, Functions and Biomedical Importance
Main forms of cellular signal transmission are known to be autocrine and paracrine signaling. Several cells secrete messengers called autocrine or paracrine agents that can bind the corresponding receptors on the surface of the cells themselves or their microenvironment. Follistatin and follistatin-...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/8/999 |
| _version_ | 1797524565584248832 |
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| author | Olga K. Parfenova Vladimir G. Kukes Dmitry V. Grishin |
| author_facet | Olga K. Parfenova Vladimir G. Kukes Dmitry V. Grishin |
| author_sort | Olga K. Parfenova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Main forms of cellular signal transmission are known to be autocrine and paracrine signaling. Several cells secrete messengers called autocrine or paracrine agents that can bind the corresponding receptors on the surface of the cells themselves or their microenvironment. Follistatin and follistatin-like proteins can be called one of the most important bifunctional messengers capable of displaying both autocrine and paracrine activity. Whilst they are not as diverse as protein hormones or protein kinases, there are only five types of proteins. However, unlike protein kinases, there are no minor proteins among them; each follistatin-like protein performs an important physiological function. These proteins are involved in a variety of signaling pathways and biological processes, having the ability to bind to receptors such as DIP2A, TLR4, BMP and some others. The activation or experimentally induced knockout of the protein-coding genes often leads to fatal consequences for individual cells and the whole body as follistatin-like proteins indirectly regulate the cell cycle, tissue differentiation, metabolic pathways, and participate in the transmission chains of the pro-inflammatory intracellular signal. Abnormal course of these processes can cause the development of oncology or apoptosis, programmed cell death. There is still no comprehensive understanding of the spectrum of mechanisms of action of follistatin-like proteins, so the systematization and study of their cellular functions and regulation is an important direction of modern molecular and cell biology. Therefore, this review focuses on follistatin-related proteins that affect multiple targets and have direct or indirect effects on cellular signaling pathways, as well as to characterize the directions of their practical application in the field of biomedicine. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:59:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3264527f45e84336b8b581e04f5134eb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:59:14Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-3264527f45e84336b8b581e04f5134eb2023-11-22T06:53:10ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592021-08-019899910.3390/biomedicines9080999Follistatin-Like Proteins: Structure, Functions and Biomedical ImportanceOlga K. Parfenova0Vladimir G. Kukes1Dmitry V. Grishin2Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 10 Pogodinskaya St., 119121 Moscow, RussiaScientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products, 8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, 127051 Moscow, RussiaInstitute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 10 Pogodinskaya St., 119121 Moscow, RussiaMain forms of cellular signal transmission are known to be autocrine and paracrine signaling. Several cells secrete messengers called autocrine or paracrine agents that can bind the corresponding receptors on the surface of the cells themselves or their microenvironment. Follistatin and follistatin-like proteins can be called one of the most important bifunctional messengers capable of displaying both autocrine and paracrine activity. Whilst they are not as diverse as protein hormones or protein kinases, there are only five types of proteins. However, unlike protein kinases, there are no minor proteins among them; each follistatin-like protein performs an important physiological function. These proteins are involved in a variety of signaling pathways and biological processes, having the ability to bind to receptors such as DIP2A, TLR4, BMP and some others. The activation or experimentally induced knockout of the protein-coding genes often leads to fatal consequences for individual cells and the whole body as follistatin-like proteins indirectly regulate the cell cycle, tissue differentiation, metabolic pathways, and participate in the transmission chains of the pro-inflammatory intracellular signal. Abnormal course of these processes can cause the development of oncology or apoptosis, programmed cell death. There is still no comprehensive understanding of the spectrum of mechanisms of action of follistatin-like proteins, so the systematization and study of their cellular functions and regulation is an important direction of modern molecular and cell biology. Therefore, this review focuses on follistatin-related proteins that affect multiple targets and have direct or indirect effects on cellular signaling pathways, as well as to characterize the directions of their practical application in the field of biomedicine.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/8/999follistatin-like proteinscellular signalingbiomarkerscardiovascular diseasecancerinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Olga K. Parfenova Vladimir G. Kukes Dmitry V. Grishin Follistatin-Like Proteins: Structure, Functions and Biomedical Importance Biomedicines follistatin-like proteins cellular signaling biomarkers cardiovascular disease cancer inflammation |
| title | Follistatin-Like Proteins: Structure, Functions and Biomedical Importance |
| title_full | Follistatin-Like Proteins: Structure, Functions and Biomedical Importance |
| title_fullStr | Follistatin-Like Proteins: Structure, Functions and Biomedical Importance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Follistatin-Like Proteins: Structure, Functions and Biomedical Importance |
| title_short | Follistatin-Like Proteins: Structure, Functions and Biomedical Importance |
| title_sort | follistatin like proteins structure functions and biomedical importance |
| topic | follistatin-like proteins cellular signaling biomarkers cardiovascular disease cancer inflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/8/999 |
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