Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance among Pilgrims with Infectious Diseases during Hajj: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 Pandemic
Hajj pilgrimage is a large mass gathering global event that may facilitate the spread and emergence of various infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in a local and global scenario. Planning and preparing for these public health issues is a challenging and complex process for...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/8/1299 |
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| author | Abdul Haseeb Zikria Saleem Hani Saleh Faidah Abdullah A. Saati Abdullmoin AlQarni Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Saleh Alghamdi Mahmoud E. Elrggal Manal AlGethamy Rozan Mohammad Radwan Ahmad Jamal Mahrous Safa S. Almarzoky Abuhussain Sarah M. Khayyat Kiran Ibrahim Brian Godman Aziz Sheikh |
| author_facet | Abdul Haseeb Zikria Saleem Hani Saleh Faidah Abdullah A. Saati Abdullmoin AlQarni Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Saleh Alghamdi Mahmoud E. Elrggal Manal AlGethamy Rozan Mohammad Radwan Ahmad Jamal Mahrous Safa S. Almarzoky Abuhussain Sarah M. Khayyat Kiran Ibrahim Brian Godman Aziz Sheikh |
| author_sort | Abdul Haseeb |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hajj pilgrimage is a large mass gathering global event that may facilitate the spread and emergence of various infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in a local and global scenario. Planning and preparing for these public health issues is a challenging and complex process for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) health authorities. Despite multiple efforts for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases through longtime funding in education and medical care, the prevalence of infectious disease is still high among Hajj pilgrims. The commonly observed infectious diseases during Hajj include respiratory tract infections (influenza and pneumonia), urinary tract infections and skin infections that may necessitate the use of antimicrobials. Beta-lactams are used as a first-line treatment for hospital acquired infections as well as community acquired infections due to their broad-spectrum activity. However, most of the bacterial isolates such as <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp., <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. and <i>E. coli</i> are resistant to beta-lactams. Irrational use of antimicrobials, lack of infection prevention practices and suboptimal healthcare access further exacerbate the risk of spreading AMR among Hajj pilgrims. Enhanced collaboration between countries, sharing of best practices and international cooperation are crucial in addressing AMR threats among pilgrims. Consequently, robust surveillance systems for early detection and monitoring of AMR, collaboration with national as well as international healthcare agencies, effective infection prevention and control measures, public awareness and rational use of antimicrobials via antimicrobial stewardship programs are required to mitigate the risk of AMR and ensure the health and well-being of pilgrims during Hajj. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:10:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-326bf78de75a4ec7976e21796c6aa5d3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:10:19Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-326bf78de75a4ec7976e21796c6aa5d32023-11-18T23:59:39ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822023-08-01128129910.3390/antibiotics12081299Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance among Pilgrims with Infectious Diseases during Hajj: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 PandemicAbdul Haseeb0Zikria Saleem1Hani Saleh Faidah2Abdullah A. Saati3Abdullmoin AlQarni4Muhammad Shahid Iqbal5Saleh Alghamdi6Mahmoud E. Elrggal7Manal AlGethamy8Rozan Mohammad Radwan9Ahmad Jamal Mahrous10Safa S. Almarzoky Abuhussain11Sarah M. Khayyat12Kiran Ibrahim13Brian Godman14Aziz Sheikh15Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Community Medicine & Pilgrims Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Alnoor Specialist Hospital Makkah, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Al Baha 57911, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Infection Prevention & Control Program, Alnoor Specialist Hospital Makkah, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaPharmaceutical Care Department, Alnoor Specialist Hospital, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UKSchool of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South AfricaUsher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UKHajj pilgrimage is a large mass gathering global event that may facilitate the spread and emergence of various infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in a local and global scenario. Planning and preparing for these public health issues is a challenging and complex process for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) health authorities. Despite multiple efforts for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases through longtime funding in education and medical care, the prevalence of infectious disease is still high among Hajj pilgrims. The commonly observed infectious diseases during Hajj include respiratory tract infections (influenza and pneumonia), urinary tract infections and skin infections that may necessitate the use of antimicrobials. Beta-lactams are used as a first-line treatment for hospital acquired infections as well as community acquired infections due to their broad-spectrum activity. However, most of the bacterial isolates such as <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp., <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. and <i>E. coli</i> are resistant to beta-lactams. Irrational use of antimicrobials, lack of infection prevention practices and suboptimal healthcare access further exacerbate the risk of spreading AMR among Hajj pilgrims. Enhanced collaboration between countries, sharing of best practices and international cooperation are crucial in addressing AMR threats among pilgrims. Consequently, robust surveillance systems for early detection and monitoring of AMR, collaboration with national as well as international healthcare agencies, effective infection prevention and control measures, public awareness and rational use of antimicrobials via antimicrobial stewardship programs are required to mitigate the risk of AMR and ensure the health and well-being of pilgrims during Hajj.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/8/1299antimicrobial resistanceHajj pilgrimsCOVID-19preventive measuressurveillance |
| spellingShingle | Abdul Haseeb Zikria Saleem Hani Saleh Faidah Abdullah A. Saati Abdullmoin AlQarni Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Saleh Alghamdi Mahmoud E. Elrggal Manal AlGethamy Rozan Mohammad Radwan Ahmad Jamal Mahrous Safa S. Almarzoky Abuhussain Sarah M. Khayyat Kiran Ibrahim Brian Godman Aziz Sheikh Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance among Pilgrims with Infectious Diseases during Hajj: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 Pandemic Antibiotics antimicrobial resistance Hajj pilgrims COVID-19 preventive measures surveillance |
| title | Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance among Pilgrims with Infectious Diseases during Hajj: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_full | Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance among Pilgrims with Infectious Diseases during Hajj: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_fullStr | Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance among Pilgrims with Infectious Diseases during Hajj: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance among Pilgrims with Infectious Diseases during Hajj: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_short | Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance among Pilgrims with Infectious Diseases during Hajj: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_sort | threat of antimicrobial resistance among pilgrims with infectious diseases during hajj lessons learnt from covid 19 pandemic |
| topic | antimicrobial resistance Hajj pilgrims COVID-19 preventive measures surveillance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/8/1299 |
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