Exosome Determinants of Physiological Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases
Aging is consistently reported as the most important independent risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. As life expectancy has significantly increased during the last decades, neurodegenerative diseases became one of the most critical public health problem in our society. The most investigated...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00232/full |
| _version_ | 1828858188180488192 |
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| author | Marianna D’Anca Chiara Fenoglio Maria Serpente Beatrice Arosio Matteo Cesari Matteo Cesari Elio Angelo Scarpini Elio Angelo Scarpini Daniela Galimberti Daniela Galimberti |
| author_facet | Marianna D’Anca Chiara Fenoglio Maria Serpente Beatrice Arosio Matteo Cesari Matteo Cesari Elio Angelo Scarpini Elio Angelo Scarpini Daniela Galimberti Daniela Galimberti |
| author_sort | Marianna D’Anca |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aging is consistently reported as the most important independent risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. As life expectancy has significantly increased during the last decades, neurodegenerative diseases became one of the most critical public health problem in our society. The most investigated neurodegenerative diseases during aging are Alzheimer disease (AD), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) and Parkinson disease (PD). The search for biomarkers has been focused so far on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Recently, exosomes emerged as novel biological source with increasing interest for age-related neurodegenerative disease biomarkers. Exosomes are tiny Extracellular vesicles (EVs; 30–100 nm in size) released by all cell types which originate from the endosomal compartment. They constitute important vesicles for the release and transfer of multiple (signaling, toxic, and regulatory) molecules among cells. Initially considered with merely waste disposal function, instead exosomes have been recently recognized as fundamental mediators of intercellular communication. They can move from the site of release by diffusion and be retrieved in several body fluids, where they may dynamically reflect pathological changes of cells present in inaccessible sites such as the brain. Multiple evidence has implicated exosomes in age-associated neurodegenerative processes, which lead to cognitive impairment in later life. Critically, consolidated evidence indicates that pathological protein aggregates, including Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein are released from brain cells in association with exosomes. Importantly, exosomes act as vehicles between cells not only of proteins but also of nucleic acids [DNA, mRNA transcripts, miRNA, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)] thus potentially influencing gene expression in target cells. In this framework, exosomes could contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underneath neurodegenerative diseases and could represent a promising source of biomarkers. Despite the involvement of exosomes in age-associated neurodegeneration, the study of exosomes and their genetic cargo in physiological aging and in neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy. Here, we review, the current knowledge on protein and ncRNAs cargo of exosomes in normal aging and in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T01:51:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-327581567e78494c82610b2c5565c035 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1663-4365 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T01:51:58Z |
| publishDate | 2019-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-327581567e78494c82610b2c5565c0352022-12-22T00:03:29ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience1663-43652019-08-011110.3389/fnagi.2019.00232466765Exosome Determinants of Physiological Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative DiseasesMarianna D’Anca0Chiara Fenoglio1Maria Serpente2Beatrice Arosio3Matteo Cesari4Matteo Cesari5Elio Angelo Scarpini6Elio Angelo Scarpini7Daniela Galimberti8Daniela Galimberti9Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyGeriatrics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyNeurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, ItalyNeurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Dino Ferrari Center, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyAging is consistently reported as the most important independent risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. As life expectancy has significantly increased during the last decades, neurodegenerative diseases became one of the most critical public health problem in our society. The most investigated neurodegenerative diseases during aging are Alzheimer disease (AD), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) and Parkinson disease (PD). The search for biomarkers has been focused so far on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Recently, exosomes emerged as novel biological source with increasing interest for age-related neurodegenerative disease biomarkers. Exosomes are tiny Extracellular vesicles (EVs; 30–100 nm in size) released by all cell types which originate from the endosomal compartment. They constitute important vesicles for the release and transfer of multiple (signaling, toxic, and regulatory) molecules among cells. Initially considered with merely waste disposal function, instead exosomes have been recently recognized as fundamental mediators of intercellular communication. They can move from the site of release by diffusion and be retrieved in several body fluids, where they may dynamically reflect pathological changes of cells present in inaccessible sites such as the brain. Multiple evidence has implicated exosomes in age-associated neurodegenerative processes, which lead to cognitive impairment in later life. Critically, consolidated evidence indicates that pathological protein aggregates, including Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein are released from brain cells in association with exosomes. Importantly, exosomes act as vehicles between cells not only of proteins but also of nucleic acids [DNA, mRNA transcripts, miRNA, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)] thus potentially influencing gene expression in target cells. In this framework, exosomes could contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underneath neurodegenerative diseases and could represent a promising source of biomarkers. Despite the involvement of exosomes in age-associated neurodegeneration, the study of exosomes and their genetic cargo in physiological aging and in neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy. Here, we review, the current knowledge on protein and ncRNAs cargo of exosomes in normal aging and in age-related neurodegenerative diseases.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00232/fullexosomesagingnon-coding RNAAlzheimer’s diseasefrontotemporal dementiaParkinson’s disease |
| spellingShingle | Marianna D’Anca Chiara Fenoglio Maria Serpente Beatrice Arosio Matteo Cesari Matteo Cesari Elio Angelo Scarpini Elio Angelo Scarpini Daniela Galimberti Daniela Galimberti Exosome Determinants of Physiological Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience exosomes aging non-coding RNA Alzheimer’s disease frontotemporal dementia Parkinson’s disease |
| title | Exosome Determinants of Physiological Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_full | Exosome Determinants of Physiological Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Exosome Determinants of Physiological Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exosome Determinants of Physiological Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_short | Exosome Determinants of Physiological Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_sort | exosome determinants of physiological aging and age related neurodegenerative diseases |
| topic | exosomes aging non-coding RNA Alzheimer’s disease frontotemporal dementia Parkinson’s disease |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00232/full |
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