A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater
Insensitive high explosive materials (IHE) such as 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) are increasingly being used in formulations of insensitive munitions alongside 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Load, assembly and packing (LAP) facilities that process muni...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2021-07-01
|
| Series: | Heliyon |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021015413 |
| _version_ | 1819299357905649664 |
|---|---|
| author | William Fawcett-Hirst Tracey J. Temple Melissa K. Ladyman Frederic Coulon |
| author_facet | William Fawcett-Hirst Tracey J. Temple Melissa K. Ladyman Frederic Coulon |
| author_sort | William Fawcett-Hirst |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Insensitive high explosive materials (IHE) such as 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) are increasingly being used in formulations of insensitive munitions alongside 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Load, assembly and packing (LAP) facilities that process munitions produce wastewater contaminated with IHE which must be treated before discharge. Some facilities can produce as much as 90,000 L of contaminated wastewater per day. In this review, methods of wastewater treatment are assessed in terms of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for their use in production of IHE munitions including their limitations and how they could be applied to industrial scale LAP facilities. Adsorption is identified as a suitable treatment method, however the high solubility of NTO, up to 16.6 g.L−1 which is 180 times higher that of TNT, has the potential to exceed the adsorptive capacity of carbon adsorption systems. The key properties of the adsorptive materials along the selection of adsorption models are highlighted and recommendations on how the limitations of carbon adsorption systems for IHE wastewater can be overcome are offered, including the modification of carbons to increase adsorptive capacity or reduce costs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-24T05:44:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-32a0e46631b74ebb92d7f62b07a0821f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-24T05:44:31Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-32a0e46631b74ebb92d7f62b07a0821f2022-12-21T17:12:40ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402021-07-0177e07438A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewaterWilliam Fawcett-Hirst0Tracey J. Temple1Melissa K. Ladyman2Frederic Coulon3Centre for Defence Chemistry, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK; Corresponding author.Centre for Defence Chemistry, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UKCentre for Defence Chemistry, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UKSchool of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, Bedfordshire, UKInsensitive high explosive materials (IHE) such as 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) are increasingly being used in formulations of insensitive munitions alongside 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Load, assembly and packing (LAP) facilities that process munitions produce wastewater contaminated with IHE which must be treated before discharge. Some facilities can produce as much as 90,000 L of contaminated wastewater per day. In this review, methods of wastewater treatment are assessed in terms of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for their use in production of IHE munitions including their limitations and how they could be applied to industrial scale LAP facilities. Adsorption is identified as a suitable treatment method, however the high solubility of NTO, up to 16.6 g.L−1 which is 180 times higher that of TNT, has the potential to exceed the adsorptive capacity of carbon adsorption systems. The key properties of the adsorptive materials along the selection of adsorption models are highlighted and recommendations on how the limitations of carbon adsorption systems for IHE wastewater can be overcome are offered, including the modification of carbons to increase adsorptive capacity or reduce costs.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021015413AdsorptionInsensitive high explosivesDNANNTOWastewater treatment |
| spellingShingle | William Fawcett-Hirst Tracey J. Temple Melissa K. Ladyman Frederic Coulon A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater Heliyon Adsorption Insensitive high explosives DNAN NTO Wastewater treatment |
| title | A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater |
| title_full | A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater |
| title_fullStr | A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater |
| title_full_unstemmed | A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater |
| title_short | A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater |
| title_sort | review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater |
| topic | Adsorption Insensitive high explosives DNAN NTO Wastewater treatment |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021015413 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT williamfawcetthirst areviewoftreatmentmethodsforinsensitivehighexplosivecontaminatedwastewater AT traceyjtemple areviewoftreatmentmethodsforinsensitivehighexplosivecontaminatedwastewater AT melissakladyman areviewoftreatmentmethodsforinsensitivehighexplosivecontaminatedwastewater AT fredericcoulon areviewoftreatmentmethodsforinsensitivehighexplosivecontaminatedwastewater AT williamfawcetthirst reviewoftreatmentmethodsforinsensitivehighexplosivecontaminatedwastewater AT traceyjtemple reviewoftreatmentmethodsforinsensitivehighexplosivecontaminatedwastewater AT melissakladyman reviewoftreatmentmethodsforinsensitivehighexplosivecontaminatedwastewater AT fredericcoulon reviewoftreatmentmethodsforinsensitivehighexplosivecontaminatedwastewater |