An Assessment of Mass Flows, Removal and Environmental Emissions of Bisphenols in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Wastewater Treatment Plant
This study analyzed 16 bisphenols (BPs) in wastewater and sludge samples collected from different stages at a municipal wastewater treatment plant based on sequencing batch reactor technology. It also describes developing an analytical method for determining BPs in the solid phase of activated sludg...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-12-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/23/8634 |
| _version_ | 1827642831776251904 |
|---|---|
| author | Anja Vehar Ana Kovačič Nadja Hvala David Škufca Marjetka Levstek Marjetka Stražar Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn Ester Heath |
| author_facet | Anja Vehar Ana Kovačič Nadja Hvala David Škufca Marjetka Levstek Marjetka Stražar Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn Ester Heath |
| author_sort | Anja Vehar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study analyzed 16 bisphenols (BPs) in wastewater and sludge samples collected from different stages at a municipal wastewater treatment plant based on sequencing batch reactor technology. It also describes developing an analytical method for determining BPs in the solid phase of activated sludge based on solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Obtained concentrations are converted into mass flows, and the biodegradation of BPs and adsorption to primary and secondary sludge are determined. Ten of the sixteen BPs were present in the influent with concentrations up to 434 ng L<sup>−1</sup> (BPS). Only five BPs with concentrations up to 79 ng L<sup>−1</sup> (BPA) were determined in the plant effluent, accounting for 8 % of the total BPs determined in the influent. Eleven per cent of the total BPs were adsorbed on primary and secondary sludge. Overall, BPs biodegradation efficiency was 81%. The highest daily emissions via effluent release (1.48 g day<sup>−1</sup>) and sludge disposal (4.63 g day<sup>−1</sup>) were for BPA, while total emissions reached 2 g day<sup>−1</sup> via effluent and 6 g day<sup>−1</sup> via sludge disposal. The data show that the concentrations of BPs in sludge are not negligible, and their environmental emissions should be monitored and further studied. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:38:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-32c010178cbf4482b178e5fe2ceba642 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:38:29Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-32c010178cbf4482b178e5fe2ceba6422023-11-24T11:45:32ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-12-012723863410.3390/molecules27238634An Assessment of Mass Flows, Removal and Environmental Emissions of Bisphenols in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Wastewater Treatment PlantAnja Vehar0Ana Kovačič1Nadja Hvala2David Škufca3Marjetka Levstek4Marjetka Stražar5Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn6Ester Heath7Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Systems and Control, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaWastewater Treatment Plant Domžale-Kamnik d.o.o., Študljanska Cesta 91, 1230 Domžale, SloveniaWastewater Treatment Plant Domžale-Kamnik d.o.o., Študljanska Cesta 91, 1230 Domžale, SloveniaDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Technical Safety, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaThis study analyzed 16 bisphenols (BPs) in wastewater and sludge samples collected from different stages at a municipal wastewater treatment plant based on sequencing batch reactor technology. It also describes developing an analytical method for determining BPs in the solid phase of activated sludge based on solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Obtained concentrations are converted into mass flows, and the biodegradation of BPs and adsorption to primary and secondary sludge are determined. Ten of the sixteen BPs were present in the influent with concentrations up to 434 ng L<sup>−1</sup> (BPS). Only five BPs with concentrations up to 79 ng L<sup>−1</sup> (BPA) were determined in the plant effluent, accounting for 8 % of the total BPs determined in the influent. Eleven per cent of the total BPs were adsorbed on primary and secondary sludge. Overall, BPs biodegradation efficiency was 81%. The highest daily emissions via effluent release (1.48 g day<sup>−1</sup>) and sludge disposal (4.63 g day<sup>−1</sup>) were for BPA, while total emissions reached 2 g day<sup>−1</sup> via effluent and 6 g day<sup>−1</sup> via sludge disposal. The data show that the concentrations of BPs in sludge are not negligible, and their environmental emissions should be monitored and further studied.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/23/8634adsorptionbiodegradationcontaminants of emerging concernGC-MSSBRsludge |
| spellingShingle | Anja Vehar Ana Kovačič Nadja Hvala David Škufca Marjetka Levstek Marjetka Stražar Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn Ester Heath An Assessment of Mass Flows, Removal and Environmental Emissions of Bisphenols in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Wastewater Treatment Plant Molecules adsorption biodegradation contaminants of emerging concern GC-MS SBR sludge |
| title | An Assessment of Mass Flows, Removal and Environmental Emissions of Bisphenols in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Wastewater Treatment Plant |
| title_full | An Assessment of Mass Flows, Removal and Environmental Emissions of Bisphenols in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Wastewater Treatment Plant |
| title_fullStr | An Assessment of Mass Flows, Removal and Environmental Emissions of Bisphenols in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Wastewater Treatment Plant |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Assessment of Mass Flows, Removal and Environmental Emissions of Bisphenols in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Wastewater Treatment Plant |
| title_short | An Assessment of Mass Flows, Removal and Environmental Emissions of Bisphenols in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Wastewater Treatment Plant |
| title_sort | assessment of mass flows removal and environmental emissions of bisphenols in a sequencing batch reactor wastewater treatment plant |
| topic | adsorption biodegradation contaminants of emerging concern GC-MS SBR sludge |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/23/8634 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT anjavehar anassessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT anakovacic anassessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT nadjahvala anassessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT davidskufca anassessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT marjetkalevstek anassessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT marjetkastrazar anassessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT andrejazgajnargotvajn anassessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT esterheath anassessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT anjavehar assessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT anakovacic assessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT nadjahvala assessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT davidskufca assessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT marjetkalevstek assessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT marjetkastrazar assessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT andrejazgajnargotvajn assessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant AT esterheath assessmentofmassflowsremovalandenvironmentalemissionsofbisphenolsinasequencingbatchreactorwastewatertreatmentplant |