Does the Degree of Prematurity Relate to the <i>Bayley-4</i> Scores Earned by Matched Samples of Infants and Toddlers across the Cognitive, Language, and Motor Domains?
The literature on children born prematurely has consistently shown that full-term babies outperform preterm babies by about 12 IQ points, even when tested as adolescents, and this advantage for full-term infants extends to the language and motor domains as well. The results of comprehensive meta-ana...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Journal of Intelligence |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/11/11/213 |
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| author | Emily L. Winter Jacqueline M. Caemmerer Sierra M. Trudel Johanna deLeyer-Tiarks Melissa A. Bray Brittany A. Dale Alan S. Kaufman |
| author_facet | Emily L. Winter Jacqueline M. Caemmerer Sierra M. Trudel Johanna deLeyer-Tiarks Melissa A. Bray Brittany A. Dale Alan S. Kaufman |
| author_sort | Emily L. Winter |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The literature on children born prematurely has consistently shown that full-term babies outperform preterm babies by about 12 IQ points, even when tested as adolescents, and this advantage for full-term infants extends to the language and motor domains as well. The results of comprehensive meta-analyses suggest that the degree of prematurity greatly influences later test performance, but these inferences are based on data from an array of separate studies with no control of potential confounding variables such as age. This study analyzed <i>Bayley-4</i> data for 66 extremely premature infants and toddlers (<32 weeks), 70 moderately premature children (32–36 weeks), and 133 full-term children. All groups were carefully matched on key background variables by the test publisher during the standardization of the <i>Bayley-4</i>. This investigation analyzed data on the five subtests: cognitive, expressive communication, receptive communication, fine motor, and gross motor. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) assessed for group mean differences across the three subsamples, while controlling for the children’s age. Extremely premature children scored significantly lower than moderately premature children on all subtests, and both preterm groups were significantly outscored by the full-term sample across all domains. In each set of comparisons, the cognitive and motor subtests yielded the largest differences, whereas language development, both expressive and receptive, appeared the least impacted by prematurity. A follow-up MANOVA was conducted to examine full-term versus preterm discrepancies on the five subtests for infants (2–17 months) vs. toddlers (18–42 months). For that analysis, the two preterm groups were combined into a single preterm sample, and a significant interaction between the age level and group (full-term vs. preterm) was found. Premature infants scored lower than premature toddlers on receptive communication, fine motor, and cognitive. Neither expressive communication nor gross motor produced significant discrepancies between age groups The findings of this study enrich the preterm literature on the degree of prematurity; the age-based interactions have implications for which abilities are most likely to improve as infants grow into toddlerhood. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-3200 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:41:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-32fcbf870223456499f0892be5d70f6a2023-11-24T14:50:09ZengMDPI AGJournal of Intelligence2079-32002023-11-01111121310.3390/jintelligence11110213Does the Degree of Prematurity Relate to the <i>Bayley-4</i> Scores Earned by Matched Samples of Infants and Toddlers across the Cognitive, Language, and Motor Domains?Emily L. Winter0Jacqueline M. Caemmerer1Sierra M. Trudel2Johanna deLeyer-Tiarks3Melissa A. Bray4Brittany A. Dale5Alan S. Kaufman6School of Health Sciences Clinical PsyD Program, Touro University, New York, NY 10036, USADepartment of Educational Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USADepartment of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USASchool-Clinical Child Psychology Program, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USADepartment of Educational Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USADepartment of Special Education, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USADepartment of Educational Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USAThe literature on children born prematurely has consistently shown that full-term babies outperform preterm babies by about 12 IQ points, even when tested as adolescents, and this advantage for full-term infants extends to the language and motor domains as well. The results of comprehensive meta-analyses suggest that the degree of prematurity greatly influences later test performance, but these inferences are based on data from an array of separate studies with no control of potential confounding variables such as age. This study analyzed <i>Bayley-4</i> data for 66 extremely premature infants and toddlers (<32 weeks), 70 moderately premature children (32–36 weeks), and 133 full-term children. All groups were carefully matched on key background variables by the test publisher during the standardization of the <i>Bayley-4</i>. This investigation analyzed data on the five subtests: cognitive, expressive communication, receptive communication, fine motor, and gross motor. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) assessed for group mean differences across the three subsamples, while controlling for the children’s age. Extremely premature children scored significantly lower than moderately premature children on all subtests, and both preterm groups were significantly outscored by the full-term sample across all domains. In each set of comparisons, the cognitive and motor subtests yielded the largest differences, whereas language development, both expressive and receptive, appeared the least impacted by prematurity. A follow-up MANOVA was conducted to examine full-term versus preterm discrepancies on the five subtests for infants (2–17 months) vs. toddlers (18–42 months). For that analysis, the two preterm groups were combined into a single preterm sample, and a significant interaction between the age level and group (full-term vs. preterm) was found. Premature infants scored lower than premature toddlers on receptive communication, fine motor, and cognitive. Neither expressive communication nor gross motor produced significant discrepancies between age groups The findings of this study enrich the preterm literature on the degree of prematurity; the age-based interactions have implications for which abilities are most likely to improve as infants grow into toddlerhood.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/11/11/213<i>Bayley-4</i>early childhood assessmentpreterm birthage differences |
| spellingShingle | Emily L. Winter Jacqueline M. Caemmerer Sierra M. Trudel Johanna deLeyer-Tiarks Melissa A. Bray Brittany A. Dale Alan S. Kaufman Does the Degree of Prematurity Relate to the <i>Bayley-4</i> Scores Earned by Matched Samples of Infants and Toddlers across the Cognitive, Language, and Motor Domains? Journal of Intelligence <i>Bayley-4</i> early childhood assessment preterm birth age differences |
| title | Does the Degree of Prematurity Relate to the <i>Bayley-4</i> Scores Earned by Matched Samples of Infants and Toddlers across the Cognitive, Language, and Motor Domains? |
| title_full | Does the Degree of Prematurity Relate to the <i>Bayley-4</i> Scores Earned by Matched Samples of Infants and Toddlers across the Cognitive, Language, and Motor Domains? |
| title_fullStr | Does the Degree of Prematurity Relate to the <i>Bayley-4</i> Scores Earned by Matched Samples of Infants and Toddlers across the Cognitive, Language, and Motor Domains? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Does the Degree of Prematurity Relate to the <i>Bayley-4</i> Scores Earned by Matched Samples of Infants and Toddlers across the Cognitive, Language, and Motor Domains? |
| title_short | Does the Degree of Prematurity Relate to the <i>Bayley-4</i> Scores Earned by Matched Samples of Infants and Toddlers across the Cognitive, Language, and Motor Domains? |
| title_sort | does the degree of prematurity relate to the i bayley 4 i scores earned by matched samples of infants and toddlers across the cognitive language and motor domains |
| topic | <i>Bayley-4</i> early childhood assessment preterm birth age differences |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/11/11/213 |
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