Deriving the Vertical Variations in the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Photosynthetically Available Radiation in the North Pacific Ocean from Remote Sensing
Diffuse attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), K<sub>PAR</sub>, is a key product of ocean color remote sensing. Current ocean color algorithms generally detect only the average K<sub>PAR</sub> within one optical depth, <inline-formula>&...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3023 |
| _version_ | 1797592760832753664 |
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| author | Lei Chen Jie Zhang Xiaoju Pan Peng Shi Xiaobo Zhang |
| author_facet | Lei Chen Jie Zhang Xiaoju Pan Peng Shi Xiaobo Zhang |
| author_sort | Lei Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diffuse attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), K<sub>PAR</sub>, is a key product of ocean color remote sensing. Current ocean color algorithms generally detect only the average K<sub>PAR</sub> within one optical depth, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Due to the marked vertical variations of K<sub>PAR</sub>, knowledge of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is insufficient to accurately evaluate the submarine light field. By using field in situ observations, a two-step approach, based on the development of an ocean color algorithm for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and the relationships between <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and the average K<sub>PAR</sub> from the surface down to depth Z (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), was developed to remotely estimate the vertical variations in <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in the North Pacific from the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) imagery. The root mean square difference of log(<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) in depths within the euphotic zone was around ±0.059 (in unit of m<sup>−1</sup> for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), which corresponded to a deviation of ±15% for the estimated <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and the penetration depths of PAR. Our study may provide a promising approach to detect the vertical variations of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and underwater PAR distributions in the North Pacific Ocean. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:58:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-330ce5c2a3e2489b9ff52e02f8f01cb2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:58:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-330ce5c2a3e2489b9ff52e02f8f01cb22023-11-18T12:25:16ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-06-011512302310.3390/rs15123023Deriving the Vertical Variations in the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Photosynthetically Available Radiation in the North Pacific Ocean from Remote SensingLei Chen0Jie Zhang1Xiaoju Pan2Peng Shi3Xiaobo Zhang4College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, ChinaCollege of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, ChinaYazhou Bay Innovation Institute/College of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, ChinaProject Management Office of China National Scientific Seafloor Observatory, Tongji University, Shanghai 200082, ChinaShandong Province Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao 266033, ChinaDiffuse attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), K<sub>PAR</sub>, is a key product of ocean color remote sensing. Current ocean color algorithms generally detect only the average K<sub>PAR</sub> within one optical depth, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Due to the marked vertical variations of K<sub>PAR</sub>, knowledge of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is insufficient to accurately evaluate the submarine light field. By using field in situ observations, a two-step approach, based on the development of an ocean color algorithm for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and the relationships between <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and the average K<sub>PAR</sub> from the surface down to depth Z (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), was developed to remotely estimate the vertical variations in <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in the North Pacific from the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) imagery. The root mean square difference of log(<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) in depths within the euphotic zone was around ±0.059 (in unit of m<sup>−1</sup> for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), which corresponded to a deviation of ±15% for the estimated <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and the penetration depths of PAR. Our study may provide a promising approach to detect the vertical variations of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and underwater PAR distributions in the North Pacific Ocean.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3023diffuse attenuation coefficientphotosynthetically available radiationvertical variationremote sensingNorth Pacific |
| spellingShingle | Lei Chen Jie Zhang Xiaoju Pan Peng Shi Xiaobo Zhang Deriving the Vertical Variations in the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Photosynthetically Available Radiation in the North Pacific Ocean from Remote Sensing Remote Sensing diffuse attenuation coefficient photosynthetically available radiation vertical variation remote sensing North Pacific |
| title | Deriving the Vertical Variations in the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Photosynthetically Available Radiation in the North Pacific Ocean from Remote Sensing |
| title_full | Deriving the Vertical Variations in the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Photosynthetically Available Radiation in the North Pacific Ocean from Remote Sensing |
| title_fullStr | Deriving the Vertical Variations in the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Photosynthetically Available Radiation in the North Pacific Ocean from Remote Sensing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deriving the Vertical Variations in the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Photosynthetically Available Radiation in the North Pacific Ocean from Remote Sensing |
| title_short | Deriving the Vertical Variations in the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Photosynthetically Available Radiation in the North Pacific Ocean from Remote Sensing |
| title_sort | deriving the vertical variations in the diffuse attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically available radiation in the north pacific ocean from remote sensing |
| topic | diffuse attenuation coefficient photosynthetically available radiation vertical variation remote sensing North Pacific |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3023 |
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