Assessments of Roof-Harvested Rainwater in Disctrict Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
The main objective of this study was to assess the quality and quantity of roof-harvested rainwater to overcome the water shortage problem in the study area. We also aimed to find health hazards associated with rainwater in the study area. For this purpose, rainwater samples were collected from five...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/20/3270 |
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| author | Bakht Rawan Waheed Ullah Rafi Ullah Tahir Ali Akbar Zainab Ayaz Muhammad Faisal Javed Islamud Din Siddique Ullah Mubashir Aziz Abdullah Mohamed Nasir Ali Khan Owais Khan |
| author_facet | Bakht Rawan Waheed Ullah Rafi Ullah Tahir Ali Akbar Zainab Ayaz Muhammad Faisal Javed Islamud Din Siddique Ullah Mubashir Aziz Abdullah Mohamed Nasir Ali Khan Owais Khan |
| author_sort | Bakht Rawan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The main objective of this study was to assess the quality and quantity of roof-harvested rainwater to overcome the water shortage problem in the study area. We also aimed to find health hazards associated with rainwater in the study area. For this purpose, rainwater samples were collected from five sites in the study area. The samples were analyzed using standard methods of the World Health Organization and the American Public Health Association in a laboratory. The analysis showed that all the physicochemical parameters were within the permissible limits of the WHO’s guidelines except pH, turbidity, and some trace metals such as iron (Fe) and lead (Pb). The mean values of pH range from 5.18 to 6.26, indicating slight acidity, while the highest mean turbidity was found at 5.77 NTU. Similarly, the highest mean concentrations of Fe and Pb were 0.95 mg/L and 0.056 mg/L, respectively, which was above the permissible limit of the WHO’s guidelines for drinking water. The annual rainwater-harvesting potential was assessed using the formula annual rainfall × roof area× runoff coefficient. The annual rainwater-harvesting potential of the study area was 56.803 L per household. At the same time, the average monthly rainwater-harvesting potential was 4733 L in the study area. This shows the potential for roof-harvested rainwater in the study area. A risk assessment of heavy metals showed that the rainwater of the study area is safe and does not pose any risk. This study concludes that rainwater is suitable for drinking and other domestic consumption if proper care is taken to clean the roof area and storage system and divert the first flush from the storage system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:22:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3312920786f74073a44a133f79d71bdd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:22:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-3312920786f74073a44a133f79d71bdd2023-11-24T03:12:39ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-10-011420327010.3390/w14203270Assessments of Roof-Harvested Rainwater in Disctrict Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa PakistanBakht Rawan0Waheed Ullah1Rafi Ullah2Tahir Ali Akbar3Zainab Ayaz4Muhammad Faisal Javed5Islamud Din6Siddique Ullah7Mubashir Aziz8Abdullah Mohamed9Nasir Ali Khan10Owais Khan11Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, PakistanDepartment of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, PakistanDepartment of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, PakistanDepartment of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, PakistanDepartment of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, PakistanDepartment of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, PakistanDepartment of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, PakistanDepartment of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, PakistanDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi ArabiaResearch Centre, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, EgyptDepartment of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, PakistanDepartment of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, PakistanThe main objective of this study was to assess the quality and quantity of roof-harvested rainwater to overcome the water shortage problem in the study area. We also aimed to find health hazards associated with rainwater in the study area. For this purpose, rainwater samples were collected from five sites in the study area. The samples were analyzed using standard methods of the World Health Organization and the American Public Health Association in a laboratory. The analysis showed that all the physicochemical parameters were within the permissible limits of the WHO’s guidelines except pH, turbidity, and some trace metals such as iron (Fe) and lead (Pb). The mean values of pH range from 5.18 to 6.26, indicating slight acidity, while the highest mean turbidity was found at 5.77 NTU. Similarly, the highest mean concentrations of Fe and Pb were 0.95 mg/L and 0.056 mg/L, respectively, which was above the permissible limit of the WHO’s guidelines for drinking water. The annual rainwater-harvesting potential was assessed using the formula annual rainfall × roof area× runoff coefficient. The annual rainwater-harvesting potential of the study area was 56.803 L per household. At the same time, the average monthly rainwater-harvesting potential was 4733 L in the study area. This shows the potential for roof-harvested rainwater in the study area. A risk assessment of heavy metals showed that the rainwater of the study area is safe and does not pose any risk. This study concludes that rainwater is suitable for drinking and other domestic consumption if proper care is taken to clean the roof area and storage system and divert the first flush from the storage system.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/20/3270roof-harvested rainwaterrisk assessmentqualityquantityrainwater-harvesting potential |
| spellingShingle | Bakht Rawan Waheed Ullah Rafi Ullah Tahir Ali Akbar Zainab Ayaz Muhammad Faisal Javed Islamud Din Siddique Ullah Mubashir Aziz Abdullah Mohamed Nasir Ali Khan Owais Khan Assessments of Roof-Harvested Rainwater in Disctrict Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Water roof-harvested rainwater risk assessment quality quantity rainwater-harvesting potential |
| title | Assessments of Roof-Harvested Rainwater in Disctrict Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan |
| title_full | Assessments of Roof-Harvested Rainwater in Disctrict Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan |
| title_fullStr | Assessments of Roof-Harvested Rainwater in Disctrict Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessments of Roof-Harvested Rainwater in Disctrict Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan |
| title_short | Assessments of Roof-Harvested Rainwater in Disctrict Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan |
| title_sort | assessments of roof harvested rainwater in disctrict dir lower khyber pakhtunkhwa pakistan |
| topic | roof-harvested rainwater risk assessment quality quantity rainwater-harvesting potential |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/20/3270 |
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