Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris
Although Candida species are widespread commensals of the microflora of healthy individuals, they are also among the most important human fungal pathogens that under certain conditions can cause diseases (candidiases) of varying severity ranging from mild superficial infections of the mucous membran...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hindawi-Wiley
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Cellular Microbiology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2599136 |
| _version_ | 1811179457039302656 |
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| author | Dorota Satala Magdalena Juszczak Ewelina Wronowska Magdalena Surowiec Kamila Kulig Andrzej Kozik Maria Rapala-Kozik Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta |
| author_facet | Dorota Satala Magdalena Juszczak Ewelina Wronowska Magdalena Surowiec Kamila Kulig Andrzej Kozik Maria Rapala-Kozik Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta |
| author_sort | Dorota Satala |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although Candida species are widespread commensals of the microflora of healthy individuals, they are also among the most important human fungal pathogens that under certain conditions can cause diseases (candidiases) of varying severity ranging from mild superficial infections of the mucous membranes to life-threatening systemic infections. So far, the vast majority of research aimed at understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis has been focused on the most common species—Candida albicans. Meanwhile, other closely related species belonging to the CTG clade, namely, Candida tropicalis and Candida dubliniensis, are becoming more important in clinical practice, as well as a relatively newly identified species, Candida auris. Despite the close relationship of these microorganisms, it seems that in the course of evolution, they have developed distinct biochemical, metabolic, and physiological adaptations, which they use to fit to commensal niches and achieve full virulence. Therefore, in this review, we describe the current knowledge on C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris virulence factors, the formation of a mixed species biofilm and mutual communication, the environmental stress response and related changes in fungal cell metabolism, and the effect of pathogens on host defense response and susceptibility to antifungal agents used, highlighting differences with respect to C. albicans. Special attention is paid to common diagnostic problems resulting from similarities between these species and the emergence of drug resistance mechanisms. Understanding the different strategies to achieve virulence, used by important opportunistic pathogens of the genus Candida, is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T06:35:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3316c6f262174318b3df94a6b07c5b9f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1462-5822 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T06:35:47Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Hindawi-Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cellular Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-3316c6f262174318b3df94a6b07c5b9f2022-12-22T04:39:50ZengHindawi-WileyCellular Microbiology1462-58222022-01-01202210.1155/2022/2599136Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. aurisDorota Satala0Magdalena Juszczak1Ewelina Wronowska2Magdalena Surowiec3Kamila Kulig4Andrzej Kozik5Maria Rapala-Kozik6Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta7Department of Comparative Biochemistry and BioanalyticsDepartment of Comparative Biochemistry and BioanalyticsDepartment of Comparative Biochemistry and BioanalyticsDepartment of Comparative Biochemistry and BioanalyticsDepartment of Analytical BiochemistryDepartment of Analytical BiochemistryDepartment of Comparative Biochemistry and BioanalyticsDepartment of Comparative Biochemistry and BioanalyticsAlthough Candida species are widespread commensals of the microflora of healthy individuals, they are also among the most important human fungal pathogens that under certain conditions can cause diseases (candidiases) of varying severity ranging from mild superficial infections of the mucous membranes to life-threatening systemic infections. So far, the vast majority of research aimed at understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis has been focused on the most common species—Candida albicans. Meanwhile, other closely related species belonging to the CTG clade, namely, Candida tropicalis and Candida dubliniensis, are becoming more important in clinical practice, as well as a relatively newly identified species, Candida auris. Despite the close relationship of these microorganisms, it seems that in the course of evolution, they have developed distinct biochemical, metabolic, and physiological adaptations, which they use to fit to commensal niches and achieve full virulence. Therefore, in this review, we describe the current knowledge on C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris virulence factors, the formation of a mixed species biofilm and mutual communication, the environmental stress response and related changes in fungal cell metabolism, and the effect of pathogens on host defense response and susceptibility to antifungal agents used, highlighting differences with respect to C. albicans. Special attention is paid to common diagnostic problems resulting from similarities between these species and the emergence of drug resistance mechanisms. Understanding the different strategies to achieve virulence, used by important opportunistic pathogens of the genus Candida, is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2599136 |
| spellingShingle | Dorota Satala Magdalena Juszczak Ewelina Wronowska Magdalena Surowiec Kamila Kulig Andrzej Kozik Maria Rapala-Kozik Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris Cellular Microbiology |
| title | Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris |
| title_full | Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris |
| title_fullStr | Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris |
| title_full_unstemmed | Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris |
| title_short | Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris |
| title_sort | similarities and differences among species closely related to candida albicans c tropicalis c dubliniensis and c auris |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2599136 |
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