Toward the Integration of an Attract-and-Kill Approach with Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Multiple Life Stages of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Efforts to reduce insecticide inputs against plum curculio, <i>Conotrachelus nenuphar</i>, a key pest of apples in eastern North America, include perimeter-row insecticide sprays applied after the whole-orchard petal fall spray to manage dispersing adults and, more recently, insecticide...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/11/6/375 |
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| author | Jaime C. Piñero David Shapiro-Ilan Daniel R. Cooley Arthur F. Tuttle Alan Eaton Patrick Drohan Kathleen Leahy Aijun Zhang Torri Hancock Anna K. Wallingford Tracy C. Leskey |
| author_facet | Jaime C. Piñero David Shapiro-Ilan Daniel R. Cooley Arthur F. Tuttle Alan Eaton Patrick Drohan Kathleen Leahy Aijun Zhang Torri Hancock Anna K. Wallingford Tracy C. Leskey |
| author_sort | Jaime C. Piñero |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Efforts to reduce insecticide inputs against plum curculio, <i>Conotrachelus nenuphar</i>, a key pest of apples in eastern North America, include perimeter-row insecticide sprays applied after the whole-orchard petal fall spray to manage dispersing adults and, more recently, insecticide sprays confined to odor-baited trap trees. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are virulent to ground-dwelling stages of <i>C. nenuphar</i>, and may be applied to the ground underneath trap-tree canopies. Here, we (1) compared the efficacy of the odor-baited trap tree approach with grower-prescribed (=grower standard) sprays to manage <i>C. nenuphar</i> populations over a six-year period in seven commercial apple orchards in New England; and (2) assessed the performance of the EPN <i>Steinernema</i> <i>riobrave</i> at suppressing ground-dwelling stages of <i>C. nenuphar</i>. In addition, the performance of <i>S. riobrave</i> was compared against that of <i>S.</i> <i>carpocapsae</i> and <i>S. feltiae</i> in one year. Across the six years, percent fruit injury on trap tree plots averaged 11.3% on odor-baited trap trees and 1.4% on unbaited trees in grower standard plots, highlighting the ability of trap trees to aggregate <i>C. nenuphar</i> activity and subsequent injury. Mean percentage injury on fruit sampled from interior trees, the strongest measure of treatment performance, in trap tree plots did not differ significantly from that recorded on interior trees in grower standard spray plots (0.95 vs. 0.68%, respectively). <i>Steinernema riobrave</i> consistently reduced <i>C. nenuphar</i> populations as indicated by the significantly lower number of adult <i>C. nenuphar</i> that emerged from the soil, when compared to water control. <i>Steinernema</i> <i>carpocapsae</i> and <i>S. riobrave</i> performed similarly well, and both EPN species outperformed <i>S. feltiae</i>. Our combined findings indicate that an IPM approach that targets multiple life stages of <i>C. nenuphar</i> has the potential to manage this pest more sustainably in a reduced-spray environment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:06:53Z |
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| id | doaj.art-3325c919defb4c4aa08c14853ab5192a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:06:53Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj.art-3325c919defb4c4aa08c14853ab5192a2023-11-20T04:03:42ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502020-06-0111637510.3390/insects11060375Toward the Integration of an Attract-and-Kill Approach with Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Multiple Life Stages of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)Jaime C. Piñero0David Shapiro-Ilan1Daniel R. Cooley2Arthur F. Tuttle3Alan Eaton4Patrick Drohan5Kathleen Leahy6Aijun Zhang7Torri Hancock8Anna K. Wallingford9Tracy C. Leskey10Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USAUSDA ARS Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008, USAStockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USAStockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USAUniversity of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, Durham, NH 03824, USADepartment of Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAPolaris Orchard Integrated Pest Management for New England, Colrain, MA 01340, USAUSDA ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USAUSAMIRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USAUniversity of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, Durham, NH 03824, USAUSDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USAEfforts to reduce insecticide inputs against plum curculio, <i>Conotrachelus nenuphar</i>, a key pest of apples in eastern North America, include perimeter-row insecticide sprays applied after the whole-orchard petal fall spray to manage dispersing adults and, more recently, insecticide sprays confined to odor-baited trap trees. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are virulent to ground-dwelling stages of <i>C. nenuphar</i>, and may be applied to the ground underneath trap-tree canopies. Here, we (1) compared the efficacy of the odor-baited trap tree approach with grower-prescribed (=grower standard) sprays to manage <i>C. nenuphar</i> populations over a six-year period in seven commercial apple orchards in New England; and (2) assessed the performance of the EPN <i>Steinernema</i> <i>riobrave</i> at suppressing ground-dwelling stages of <i>C. nenuphar</i>. In addition, the performance of <i>S. riobrave</i> was compared against that of <i>S.</i> <i>carpocapsae</i> and <i>S. feltiae</i> in one year. Across the six years, percent fruit injury on trap tree plots averaged 11.3% on odor-baited trap trees and 1.4% on unbaited trees in grower standard plots, highlighting the ability of trap trees to aggregate <i>C. nenuphar</i> activity and subsequent injury. Mean percentage injury on fruit sampled from interior trees, the strongest measure of treatment performance, in trap tree plots did not differ significantly from that recorded on interior trees in grower standard spray plots (0.95 vs. 0.68%, respectively). <i>Steinernema riobrave</i> consistently reduced <i>C. nenuphar</i> populations as indicated by the significantly lower number of adult <i>C. nenuphar</i> that emerged from the soil, when compared to water control. <i>Steinernema</i> <i>carpocapsae</i> and <i>S. riobrave</i> performed similarly well, and both EPN species outperformed <i>S. feltiae</i>. Our combined findings indicate that an IPM approach that targets multiple life stages of <i>C. nenuphar</i> has the potential to manage this pest more sustainably in a reduced-spray environment.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/11/6/375aggregationsemiochemicalsintegrated pest managementbiological controlbehavior |
| spellingShingle | Jaime C. Piñero David Shapiro-Ilan Daniel R. Cooley Arthur F. Tuttle Alan Eaton Patrick Drohan Kathleen Leahy Aijun Zhang Torri Hancock Anna K. Wallingford Tracy C. Leskey Toward the Integration of an Attract-and-Kill Approach with Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Multiple Life Stages of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Insects aggregation semiochemicals integrated pest management biological control behavior |
| title | Toward the Integration of an Attract-and-Kill Approach with Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Multiple Life Stages of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) |
| title_full | Toward the Integration of an Attract-and-Kill Approach with Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Multiple Life Stages of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) |
| title_fullStr | Toward the Integration of an Attract-and-Kill Approach with Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Multiple Life Stages of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toward the Integration of an Attract-and-Kill Approach with Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Multiple Life Stages of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) |
| title_short | Toward the Integration of an Attract-and-Kill Approach with Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Multiple Life Stages of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) |
| title_sort | toward the integration of an attract and kill approach with entomopathogenic nematodes to control multiple life stages of plum curculio coleoptera curculionidae |
| topic | aggregation semiochemicals integrated pest management biological control behavior |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/11/6/375 |
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