Design and Implementation of a Cloud PACS Architecture
The limitations of the classic PACS (picture archiving and communication system), such as the backward-compatible DICOM network architecture and poor security and maintenance, are well-known. They are challenged by various existing solutions employing cloud-related patterns and services. However, a...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8569 |
| _version_ | 1797466441749889024 |
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| author | Jacek Kawa Bartłomiej Pyciński Michał Smoliński Paweł Bożek Marek Kwasecki Bartosz Pietrzyk Dariusz Szymański |
| author_facet | Jacek Kawa Bartłomiej Pyciński Michał Smoliński Paweł Bożek Marek Kwasecki Bartosz Pietrzyk Dariusz Szymański |
| author_sort | Jacek Kawa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The limitations of the classic PACS (picture archiving and communication system), such as the backward-compatible DICOM network architecture and poor security and maintenance, are well-known. They are challenged by various existing solutions employing cloud-related patterns and services. However, a full-scale cloud-native PACS has not yet been demonstrated. The paper introduces a vendor-neutral cloud PACS architecture. It is divided into two main components: a cloud platform and an access device. The cloud platform is responsible for nearline (long-term) image archive, data flow, and backend management. It operates in multi-tenant mode. The access device is responsible for the local DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) interface and serves as a gateway to cloud services. The cloud PACS was first implemented in an Amazon Web Services environment. It employs a number of general-purpose services designed or adapted for a cloud environment, including Kafka, OpenSearch, and Memcached. Custom services, such as a central PACS node, queue manager, or flow worker, also developed as cloud microservices, bring DICOM support, external integration, and a management layer. The PACS was verified using image traffic from, among others, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and computed radiography (CR) modalities. During the test, the system was reliably storing and accessing image data. In following tests, scaling behavior differences between the monolithic Dcm4chee server and the proposed solution are shown. The growing number of parallel connections did not influence the monolithic server’s overall throughput, whereas the performance of cloud PACS noticeably increased. In the final test, different retrieval patterns were evaluated to assess performance under different scenarios. The current production environment stores over 450 TB of image data and handles over 4000 DICOM nodes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:38:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-333ada1d2d584021b30ce49a55cec221 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:38:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-333ada1d2d584021b30ce49a55cec2212023-11-24T06:50:07ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-11-012221856910.3390/s22218569Design and Implementation of a Cloud PACS ArchitectureJacek Kawa0Bartłomiej Pyciński1Michał Smoliński2Paweł Bożek3Marek Kwasecki4Bartosz Pietrzyk5Dariusz Szymański6Radpoint Sp. z o.o., Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, PolandFaculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, PolandRadpoint Sp. z o.o., Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, PolandRadpoint Sp. z o.o., Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, PolandRadpoint Sp. z o.o., Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, PolandRadpoint Sp. z o.o., Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, PolandRadpoint Sp. z o.o., Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, PolandThe limitations of the classic PACS (picture archiving and communication system), such as the backward-compatible DICOM network architecture and poor security and maintenance, are well-known. They are challenged by various existing solutions employing cloud-related patterns and services. However, a full-scale cloud-native PACS has not yet been demonstrated. The paper introduces a vendor-neutral cloud PACS architecture. It is divided into two main components: a cloud platform and an access device. The cloud platform is responsible for nearline (long-term) image archive, data flow, and backend management. It operates in multi-tenant mode. The access device is responsible for the local DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) interface and serves as a gateway to cloud services. The cloud PACS was first implemented in an Amazon Web Services environment. It employs a number of general-purpose services designed or adapted for a cloud environment, including Kafka, OpenSearch, and Memcached. Custom services, such as a central PACS node, queue manager, or flow worker, also developed as cloud microservices, bring DICOM support, external integration, and a management layer. The PACS was verified using image traffic from, among others, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and computed radiography (CR) modalities. During the test, the system was reliably storing and accessing image data. In following tests, scaling behavior differences between the monolithic Dcm4chee server and the proposed solution are shown. The growing number of parallel connections did not influence the monolithic server’s overall throughput, whereas the performance of cloud PACS noticeably increased. In the final test, different retrieval patterns were evaluated to assess performance under different scenarios. The current production environment stores over 450 TB of image data and handles over 4000 DICOM nodes.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8569cloudcloud storagepicture archiving and communication systemvendor neutral archivemedical imaging |
| spellingShingle | Jacek Kawa Bartłomiej Pyciński Michał Smoliński Paweł Bożek Marek Kwasecki Bartosz Pietrzyk Dariusz Szymański Design and Implementation of a Cloud PACS Architecture Sensors cloud cloud storage picture archiving and communication system vendor neutral archive medical imaging |
| title | Design and Implementation of a Cloud PACS Architecture |
| title_full | Design and Implementation of a Cloud PACS Architecture |
| title_fullStr | Design and Implementation of a Cloud PACS Architecture |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design and Implementation of a Cloud PACS Architecture |
| title_short | Design and Implementation of a Cloud PACS Architecture |
| title_sort | design and implementation of a cloud pacs architecture |
| topic | cloud cloud storage picture archiving and communication system vendor neutral archive medical imaging |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8569 |
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