Associations of lifestyle and diet with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Singapore: a case–control study
Abstract Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a commonly diagnosed cancer in Southeast Asia. Many studies have examined the risk factors for NPC, yet the roles of some risk factors remain inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between modifiable lifestyle factors...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2017-01-01
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| Series: | Chinese Journal of Cancer |
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| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40880-016-0174-3 |
| _version_ | 1819086639183429632 |
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| author | Sook Kwin Yong Tam Cam Ha Ming Chert Richard Yeo Valerie Gaborieau James D. McKay Joseph Wee |
| author_facet | Sook Kwin Yong Tam Cam Ha Ming Chert Richard Yeo Valerie Gaborieau James D. McKay Joseph Wee |
| author_sort | Sook Kwin Yong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a commonly diagnosed cancer in Southeast Asia. Many studies have examined the risk factors for NPC, yet the roles of some risk factors remain inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between modifiable lifestyle factors and the risk of NPC in the Singaporean population. Methods We conducted a case–control study in Singapore with 300 patients and 310 controls who were recruited between 2008 and 2012. Each control was selected and individually matched to each patient based on sex, ethnicity, and age (±5 years). A total of 290 pairs of cases and controls were matched successfully. We examined lifestyle factors such as tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, various salted and preserved food consumption, and weaning practices. Results After adjusting for covariates, multivariate analysis showed that those participants who were current smokers and had ever smoked tobacco had a higher risk of NPC than participants who had never smoked, with odds ratios (ORs) of 4.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.58–7.86; P < 0.001) and 2.52 (95% CI 1.54–4.12; P < 0.001), respectively. Those who consumed salted vegetables at least once a week also showed a significantly increased risk of NPC than those who never or rarely consumed salted vegetables, with an OR of 4.18 (95% CI 1.69–10.38; P = 0.002). Conclusion Smoking (currently and ever-smoked) and consuming salted vegetables once a week or more were lifestyle risk factors for NPC, and changes of these factors for the better may reduce the risk of NPC. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T21:23:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-335652b1929d4eafbf688a39ade8fd46 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1944-446X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T21:23:27Z |
| publishDate | 2017-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Chinese Journal of Cancer |
| spelling | doaj.art-335652b1929d4eafbf688a39ade8fd462022-12-21T18:49:50ZengBMCChinese Journal of Cancer1944-446X2017-01-013611810.1186/s40880-016-0174-3Associations of lifestyle and diet with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Singapore: a case–control studySook Kwin Yong0Tam Cam Ha1Ming Chert Richard Yeo2Valerie Gaborieau3James D. McKay4Joseph Wee5Division of Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre SingaporeDivision of Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre SingaporeDivision of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre SingaporeGenetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health OrganizationGenetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health OrganizationDivision of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre SingaporeAbstract Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a commonly diagnosed cancer in Southeast Asia. Many studies have examined the risk factors for NPC, yet the roles of some risk factors remain inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between modifiable lifestyle factors and the risk of NPC in the Singaporean population. Methods We conducted a case–control study in Singapore with 300 patients and 310 controls who were recruited between 2008 and 2012. Each control was selected and individually matched to each patient based on sex, ethnicity, and age (±5 years). A total of 290 pairs of cases and controls were matched successfully. We examined lifestyle factors such as tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, various salted and preserved food consumption, and weaning practices. Results After adjusting for covariates, multivariate analysis showed that those participants who were current smokers and had ever smoked tobacco had a higher risk of NPC than participants who had never smoked, with odds ratios (ORs) of 4.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.58–7.86; P < 0.001) and 2.52 (95% CI 1.54–4.12; P < 0.001), respectively. Those who consumed salted vegetables at least once a week also showed a significantly increased risk of NPC than those who never or rarely consumed salted vegetables, with an OR of 4.18 (95% CI 1.69–10.38; P = 0.002). Conclusion Smoking (currently and ever-smoked) and consuming salted vegetables once a week or more were lifestyle risk factors for NPC, and changes of these factors for the better may reduce the risk of NPC.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40880-016-0174-3Nasopharyngeal carcinomaDietSmokingAlcohol drinkingCase–control studyPreserved food |
| spellingShingle | Sook Kwin Yong Tam Cam Ha Ming Chert Richard Yeo Valerie Gaborieau James D. McKay Joseph Wee Associations of lifestyle and diet with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Singapore: a case–control study Chinese Journal of Cancer Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Diet Smoking Alcohol drinking Case–control study Preserved food |
| title | Associations of lifestyle and diet with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Singapore: a case–control study |
| title_full | Associations of lifestyle and diet with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Singapore: a case–control study |
| title_fullStr | Associations of lifestyle and diet with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Singapore: a case–control study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Associations of lifestyle and diet with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Singapore: a case–control study |
| title_short | Associations of lifestyle and diet with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Singapore: a case–control study |
| title_sort | associations of lifestyle and diet with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in singapore a case control study |
| topic | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Diet Smoking Alcohol drinking Case–control study Preserved food |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40880-016-0174-3 |
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