In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity and Phytochemical Characterization (UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS) of the Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) Rind Extract
Reusing food waste is becoming popular in pharmaceutical industries. Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) rind is commonly discarded as a major solid waste. Here, the in vitro cytotoxic potential of watermelon rind extracts was screened against a panel of human cancer cell lines. Cell c...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| author | Heba A. El Gizawy Alaadin E. El-Haddad Yasmin M. Attia Sally A. Fahim Mai M. Zafer Amr M. Saadeldeen |
| author_facet | Heba A. El Gizawy Alaadin E. El-Haddad Yasmin M. Attia Sally A. Fahim Mai M. Zafer Amr M. Saadeldeen |
| author_sort | Heba A. El Gizawy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Reusing food waste is becoming popular in pharmaceutical industries. Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) rind is commonly discarded as a major solid waste. Here, the in vitro cytotoxic potential of watermelon rind extracts was screened against a panel of human cancer cell lines. Cell cycle analysis was used to determine the induction of cell death, whereas annexin V-FITC binding, caspase-3, BAX, and BCL-2 mRNA expression levels were used to determine the degree of apoptosis. VEGF-promoting angiogenesis and cell migration were also evaluated. Moreover, the identification of phytoconstituents in the rind extract was achieved using UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS, and a total of 45 bioactive compounds were detected, including phenolic acids, flavonoids aglycones, and their glycoside derivatives. The tested watermelon rind extracts suppressed cell proliferation in seven cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. The cytotoxicity of the rind aqueous extract (RAE) was higher compared with that of the other extracts. In addition to a substantial inhibitory effect on cell migration, the RAE triggered apoptosis in HCT116 and Hep2 cells by driving the accumulation of cells in the S phase and elevating the activity of caspase-3 and the BAX/BCL-2 ratio. Thus, a complete phytochemical and cytotoxic investigation of the <i>Citrullus lanatus</i> rind extract may identify its potential potency as an anticancer agent. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:30:57Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:30:57Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-339bc56578d243af9f01cefb85be8c762023-12-01T21:16:06ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-04-01278248010.3390/molecules27082480In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity and Phytochemical Characterization (UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS) of the Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) Rind ExtractHeba A. El Gizawy0Alaadin E. El-Haddad1Yasmin M. Attia2Sally A. Fahim3Mai M. Zafer4Amr M. Saadeldeen5Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, EgyptDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, EgyptPharmacology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Kasr Al Eini Street, Fom El Khalig, Cairo 11796, EgyptDepartment of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University (NGU), Newgiza, km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Giza 12577, EgyptMicrobiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12566, EgyptDepartment of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University (NGU), Newgiza, km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Giza 12577, EgyptReusing food waste is becoming popular in pharmaceutical industries. Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) rind is commonly discarded as a major solid waste. Here, the in vitro cytotoxic potential of watermelon rind extracts was screened against a panel of human cancer cell lines. Cell cycle analysis was used to determine the induction of cell death, whereas annexin V-FITC binding, caspase-3, BAX, and BCL-2 mRNA expression levels were used to determine the degree of apoptosis. VEGF-promoting angiogenesis and cell migration were also evaluated. Moreover, the identification of phytoconstituents in the rind extract was achieved using UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS, and a total of 45 bioactive compounds were detected, including phenolic acids, flavonoids aglycones, and their glycoside derivatives. The tested watermelon rind extracts suppressed cell proliferation in seven cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. The cytotoxicity of the rind aqueous extract (RAE) was higher compared with that of the other extracts. In addition to a substantial inhibitory effect on cell migration, the RAE triggered apoptosis in HCT116 and Hep2 cells by driving the accumulation of cells in the S phase and elevating the activity of caspase-3 and the BAX/BCL-2 ratio. Thus, a complete phytochemical and cytotoxic investigation of the <i>Citrullus lanatus</i> rind extract may identify its potential potency as an anticancer agent.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/8/2480<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>cancer cell linesapoptosisVEGFcell cycle |
| spellingShingle | Heba A. El Gizawy Alaadin E. El-Haddad Yasmin M. Attia Sally A. Fahim Mai M. Zafer Amr M. Saadeldeen In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity and Phytochemical Characterization (UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS) of the Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) Rind Extract Molecules <i>Citrullus lanatus</i> cancer cell lines apoptosis VEGF cell cycle |
| title | In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity and Phytochemical Characterization (UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS) of the Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) Rind Extract |
| title_full | In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity and Phytochemical Characterization (UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS) of the Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) Rind Extract |
| title_fullStr | In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity and Phytochemical Characterization (UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS) of the Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) Rind Extract |
| title_full_unstemmed | In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity and Phytochemical Characterization (UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS) of the Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) Rind Extract |
| title_short | In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity and Phytochemical Characterization (UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS) of the Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) Rind Extract |
| title_sort | in vitro cytotoxic activity and phytochemical characterization uplc t tof ms ms of the watermelon i citrullus lanatus i rind extract |
| topic | <i>Citrullus lanatus</i> cancer cell lines apoptosis VEGF cell cycle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/8/2480 |
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