Biodiesel Production from Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> Seed Oil and Optimization of Process Conditions
Biodiesel is considered a sustainable alternative to petro-diesel owing to several favorable characteristics. However, higher production costs, primarily due to the use of costly edible oils as raw materials, are a chief impediment to its pecuniary feasibility. Exploring non-edible oils as raw mater...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| author | Noreen Sajjad Raha Orfali Shagufta Perveen Sabiha Rehman Aeysha Sultan Taslim Akhtar Arif Nazir Gulzar Muhammad Tahir Mehmood Safina Ghaffar Areej Al-Taweel Muhammad I. Jilani Munawar Iqbal |
| author_facet | Noreen Sajjad Raha Orfali Shagufta Perveen Sabiha Rehman Aeysha Sultan Taslim Akhtar Arif Nazir Gulzar Muhammad Tahir Mehmood Safina Ghaffar Areej Al-Taweel Muhammad I. Jilani Munawar Iqbal |
| author_sort | Noreen Sajjad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biodiesel is considered a sustainable alternative to petro-diesel owing to several favorable characteristics. However, higher production costs, primarily due to the use of costly edible oils as raw materials, are a chief impediment to its pecuniary feasibility. Exploring non-edible oils as raw material for biodiesel is an attractive strategy that would address the economic constraints associated with biodiesel production. This research aims to optimize the reaction conditions for the production of biodiesel through an alkali-catalyzed transesterification of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> seed oil. The Taguchi method was applied to optimize performance parameters such as alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst amount, and reaction time. The fatty acid content of both oil and biodiesel was determined using gas chromatography. The optimized conditions of alcohol-to-oil molar ratio (6:1), catalyst (1.5% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>), and reaction time 1 h afforded biodiesel with 93.5% yield. The most considerable contribution came from the molar ratio of alcohol to oil (75.9%) followed by the amount of catalyst (20.7%). In another case, alcohol to oil molar ratio (9:1), catalyst (1.5% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) and reaction time 1.5 h afforded biodiesel 82.5% yield. The fuel properties of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> methyl esters produced under ideal conditions were within ASTM D6751 biodiesel specified limits. Findings of the study indicate that <i>Tamarindus indica</i> may be chosen as a prospective and viable option for large-scale production of biodiesel, making it a substitute for petro-diesel. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:18:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-33aa131232af460d89e89967bdc5144c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:18:59Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-33aa131232af460d89e89967bdc5144c2023-11-23T12:23:10ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-05-012710323010.3390/molecules27103230Biodiesel Production from Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> Seed Oil and Optimization of Process ConditionsNoreen Sajjad0Raha Orfali1Shagufta Perveen2Sabiha Rehman3Aeysha Sultan4Taslim Akhtar5Arif Nazir6Gulzar Muhammad7Tahir Mehmood8Safina Ghaffar9Areej Al-Taweel10Muhammad I. Jilani11Munawar Iqbal12Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 53700, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Collage of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Ryiadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Chemistry, School of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USADepartment of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 53700, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, Government Associate College (W), Mandi Bahauddin 50400, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 53700, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 53700, PakistanCentre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Collage of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Ryiadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Collage of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Ryiadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 53700, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54000, PakistanBiodiesel is considered a sustainable alternative to petro-diesel owing to several favorable characteristics. However, higher production costs, primarily due to the use of costly edible oils as raw materials, are a chief impediment to its pecuniary feasibility. Exploring non-edible oils as raw material for biodiesel is an attractive strategy that would address the economic constraints associated with biodiesel production. This research aims to optimize the reaction conditions for the production of biodiesel through an alkali-catalyzed transesterification of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> seed oil. The Taguchi method was applied to optimize performance parameters such as alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst amount, and reaction time. The fatty acid content of both oil and biodiesel was determined using gas chromatography. The optimized conditions of alcohol-to-oil molar ratio (6:1), catalyst (1.5% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>), and reaction time 1 h afforded biodiesel with 93.5% yield. The most considerable contribution came from the molar ratio of alcohol to oil (75.9%) followed by the amount of catalyst (20.7%). In another case, alcohol to oil molar ratio (9:1), catalyst (1.5% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) and reaction time 1.5 h afforded biodiesel 82.5% yield. The fuel properties of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> methyl esters produced under ideal conditions were within ASTM D6751 biodiesel specified limits. Findings of the study indicate that <i>Tamarindus indica</i> may be chosen as a prospective and viable option for large-scale production of biodiesel, making it a substitute for petro-diesel.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/10/3230<i>Tamarindus indica</i>biodieseltransesterificationmethyl esters |
| spellingShingle | Noreen Sajjad Raha Orfali Shagufta Perveen Sabiha Rehman Aeysha Sultan Taslim Akhtar Arif Nazir Gulzar Muhammad Tahir Mehmood Safina Ghaffar Areej Al-Taweel Muhammad I. Jilani Munawar Iqbal Biodiesel Production from Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> Seed Oil and Optimization of Process Conditions Molecules <i>Tamarindus indica</i> biodiesel transesterification methyl esters |
| title | Biodiesel Production from Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> Seed Oil and Optimization of Process Conditions |
| title_full | Biodiesel Production from Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> Seed Oil and Optimization of Process Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Biodiesel Production from Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> Seed Oil and Optimization of Process Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biodiesel Production from Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> Seed Oil and Optimization of Process Conditions |
| title_short | Biodiesel Production from Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> Seed Oil and Optimization of Process Conditions |
| title_sort | biodiesel production from alkali catalyzed transesterification of i tamarindus indica i seed oil and optimization of process conditions |
| topic | <i>Tamarindus indica</i> biodiesel transesterification methyl esters |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/10/3230 |
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