Quantitative Evaluations with 2d Electrical Resistance Tomography in the Low-Conductivity Solutions Using 3d-Printed Phantoms and Sucrose Crystal Agglomerate Assessments
Crystallization is a significant procedure in the manufacturing of many pharmaceutical and solid food products. In-situ electrical resistance tomography (ERT) is a novel process analytical tool (PAT) to provide a cheap and quick way to test, visualize, and evaluate the progress of crystallization pr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/564 |
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| author | Guruprasad Rao Muhammad Awais Sattar Radosław Wajman Lidia Jackowska-Strumiłło |
| author_facet | Guruprasad Rao Muhammad Awais Sattar Radosław Wajman Lidia Jackowska-Strumiłło |
| author_sort | Guruprasad Rao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Crystallization is a significant procedure in the manufacturing of many pharmaceutical and solid food products. In-situ electrical resistance tomography (ERT) is a novel process analytical tool (PAT) to provide a cheap and quick way to test, visualize, and evaluate the progress of crystallization processes. In this work, the spatial accuracy of the nonconductive phantoms in low-conductivity solutions was evaluated. Gauss–Newton, linear back projection, and iterative total variation reconstruction algorithms were used to compare the phantom reconstructions for tap water, industrial-grade saturated sucrose solution, and demineralized water. A cylindrical phantom measuring 10 mm in diameter and a cross-section area of 1.5% of the total beaker area was detected at the center of the beaker. Two phantoms with a 10-mm diameter were visualized separately in noncentral locations. The quantitative evaluations were done for the phantoms with radii ranging from 10 mm to 50 mm in demineralized water. Multiple factors, such as ERT device and sensor development, Finite Element Model (FEM) mesh density and simulations, image reconstruction algorithms, number of iterations, segmentation methods, and morphological image processing methods, were discussed and analyzed to achieve spatial accuracy. The development of ERT imaging modality for the purpose of monitoring crystallization in low-conductivity solutions was performed satisfactorily. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:44:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-33b489b15e974c2d864f018ec73192cb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:44:43Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-33b489b15e974c2d864f018ec73192cb2023-12-03T13:17:03ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-01-0121256410.3390/s21020564Quantitative Evaluations with 2d Electrical Resistance Tomography in the Low-Conductivity Solutions Using 3d-Printed Phantoms and Sucrose Crystal Agglomerate AssessmentsGuruprasad Rao0Muhammad Awais Sattar1Radosław Wajman2Lidia Jackowska-Strumiłło3Institute of Applied Computer Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, PolandInstitute of Applied Computer Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, PolandInstitute of Applied Computer Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, PolandInstitute of Applied Computer Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, PolandCrystallization is a significant procedure in the manufacturing of many pharmaceutical and solid food products. In-situ electrical resistance tomography (ERT) is a novel process analytical tool (PAT) to provide a cheap and quick way to test, visualize, and evaluate the progress of crystallization processes. In this work, the spatial accuracy of the nonconductive phantoms in low-conductivity solutions was evaluated. Gauss–Newton, linear back projection, and iterative total variation reconstruction algorithms were used to compare the phantom reconstructions for tap water, industrial-grade saturated sucrose solution, and demineralized water. A cylindrical phantom measuring 10 mm in diameter and a cross-section area of 1.5% of the total beaker area was detected at the center of the beaker. Two phantoms with a 10-mm diameter were visualized separately in noncentral locations. The quantitative evaluations were done for the phantoms with radii ranging from 10 mm to 50 mm in demineralized water. Multiple factors, such as ERT device and sensor development, Finite Element Model (FEM) mesh density and simulations, image reconstruction algorithms, number of iterations, segmentation methods, and morphological image processing methods, were discussed and analyzed to achieve spatial accuracy. The development of ERT imaging modality for the purpose of monitoring crystallization in low-conductivity solutions was performed satisfactorily.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/5642D electrical resistance tomographylow-conductivity solutionscrystallizationinverse imaging |
| spellingShingle | Guruprasad Rao Muhammad Awais Sattar Radosław Wajman Lidia Jackowska-Strumiłło Quantitative Evaluations with 2d Electrical Resistance Tomography in the Low-Conductivity Solutions Using 3d-Printed Phantoms and Sucrose Crystal Agglomerate Assessments Sensors 2D electrical resistance tomography low-conductivity solutions crystallization inverse imaging |
| title | Quantitative Evaluations with 2d Electrical Resistance Tomography in the Low-Conductivity Solutions Using 3d-Printed Phantoms and Sucrose Crystal Agglomerate Assessments |
| title_full | Quantitative Evaluations with 2d Electrical Resistance Tomography in the Low-Conductivity Solutions Using 3d-Printed Phantoms and Sucrose Crystal Agglomerate Assessments |
| title_fullStr | Quantitative Evaluations with 2d Electrical Resistance Tomography in the Low-Conductivity Solutions Using 3d-Printed Phantoms and Sucrose Crystal Agglomerate Assessments |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantitative Evaluations with 2d Electrical Resistance Tomography in the Low-Conductivity Solutions Using 3d-Printed Phantoms and Sucrose Crystal Agglomerate Assessments |
| title_short | Quantitative Evaluations with 2d Electrical Resistance Tomography in the Low-Conductivity Solutions Using 3d-Printed Phantoms and Sucrose Crystal Agglomerate Assessments |
| title_sort | quantitative evaluations with 2d electrical resistance tomography in the low conductivity solutions using 3d printed phantoms and sucrose crystal agglomerate assessments |
| topic | 2D electrical resistance tomography low-conductivity solutions crystallization inverse imaging |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/564 |
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