Effect of Debittering with Different Solvents and Ultrasound on Carotenoids, Tocopherols, and Phenolics of <i>Lupinus albus</i> Seeds
Lupin seeds represent a rich nutritional source of bioactive compounds, including antioxidant molecules such as carotenoids, tocopherols, and phenolics. However, before consumption, the lupin seeds must be debittered in order to remove their bitter and toxic alkaloids. This study analyzed the impact...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/12/2481 |
| _version_ | 1827642025201106944 |
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| author | Lorenzo Estivi Davide Fusi Andrea Brandolini Alyssa Hidalgo |
| author_facet | Lorenzo Estivi Davide Fusi Andrea Brandolini Alyssa Hidalgo |
| author_sort | Lorenzo Estivi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lupin seeds represent a rich nutritional source of bioactive compounds, including antioxidant molecules such as carotenoids, tocopherols, and phenolics. However, before consumption, the lupin seeds must be debittered in order to remove their bitter and toxic alkaloids. This study analyzed the impact on the bioactive compounds of <i>Lupinus albus</i> seeds of a recent time- and water-saving debittering method, which employs alternative washing solutions (0.5% or 1% of either NaCl or citric acid), with or without the assistance of ultrasound. The results were compared with those of two control methods using water or a NaCl solution. The sonication, when it was significant, led to a large loss of bioactive compounds, which was most likely due to its extraction capability. The seeds that were debittered without ultrasound presented high concentrations of tocopherols (172.8–241.3 mg/kg DM), carotenoids (10.9–25.1 mg/kg DM), and soluble-free (106.9–361.1 mg/kg DM), soluble-conjugated (93.9–118.9 mg/kg DM), and insoluble-bound (59.2–156.7 mg/kg DM) phenolics. The soluble-free fraction showed the greatest loss after a prolonged treatment. Overall, debittering with citric acid or NaCl preserved the highest concentration of antioxidant compounds by shortening the treatment time, thus preventing extensive leaching. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:22:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-33b6a2ac48614504a7911016da28b7a2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:22:50Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-33b6a2ac48614504a7911016da28b7a22023-11-24T12:58:49ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212022-12-011112248110.3390/antiox11122481Effect of Debittering with Different Solvents and Ultrasound on Carotenoids, Tocopherols, and Phenolics of <i>Lupinus albus</i> SeedsLorenzo Estivi0Davide Fusi1Andrea Brandolini2Alyssa Hidalgo3Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, ItalyResearch Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture (CREA-ZA), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via Piacenza 29, 26900 Lodi, ItalyDepartment of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, ItalyLupin seeds represent a rich nutritional source of bioactive compounds, including antioxidant molecules such as carotenoids, tocopherols, and phenolics. However, before consumption, the lupin seeds must be debittered in order to remove their bitter and toxic alkaloids. This study analyzed the impact on the bioactive compounds of <i>Lupinus albus</i> seeds of a recent time- and water-saving debittering method, which employs alternative washing solutions (0.5% or 1% of either NaCl or citric acid), with or without the assistance of ultrasound. The results were compared with those of two control methods using water or a NaCl solution. The sonication, when it was significant, led to a large loss of bioactive compounds, which was most likely due to its extraction capability. The seeds that were debittered without ultrasound presented high concentrations of tocopherols (172.8–241.3 mg/kg DM), carotenoids (10.9–25.1 mg/kg DM), and soluble-free (106.9–361.1 mg/kg DM), soluble-conjugated (93.9–118.9 mg/kg DM), and insoluble-bound (59.2–156.7 mg/kg DM) phenolics. The soluble-free fraction showed the greatest loss after a prolonged treatment. Overall, debittering with citric acid or NaCl preserved the highest concentration of antioxidant compounds by shortening the treatment time, thus preventing extensive leaching.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/12/2481citric acidflavonoidsfree phenolicsinsoluble-bound phenolicslupinsodium chloride |
| spellingShingle | Lorenzo Estivi Davide Fusi Andrea Brandolini Alyssa Hidalgo Effect of Debittering with Different Solvents and Ultrasound on Carotenoids, Tocopherols, and Phenolics of <i>Lupinus albus</i> Seeds Antioxidants citric acid flavonoids free phenolics insoluble-bound phenolics lupin sodium chloride |
| title | Effect of Debittering with Different Solvents and Ultrasound on Carotenoids, Tocopherols, and Phenolics of <i>Lupinus albus</i> Seeds |
| title_full | Effect of Debittering with Different Solvents and Ultrasound on Carotenoids, Tocopherols, and Phenolics of <i>Lupinus albus</i> Seeds |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Debittering with Different Solvents and Ultrasound on Carotenoids, Tocopherols, and Phenolics of <i>Lupinus albus</i> Seeds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Debittering with Different Solvents and Ultrasound on Carotenoids, Tocopherols, and Phenolics of <i>Lupinus albus</i> Seeds |
| title_short | Effect of Debittering with Different Solvents and Ultrasound on Carotenoids, Tocopherols, and Phenolics of <i>Lupinus albus</i> Seeds |
| title_sort | effect of debittering with different solvents and ultrasound on carotenoids tocopherols and phenolics of i lupinus albus i seeds |
| topic | citric acid flavonoids free phenolics insoluble-bound phenolics lupin sodium chloride |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/12/2481 |
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