Experimental Comparison of Fiducial Markers Used in Proton Therapy: Study of Different Imaging Modalities and Proton Fluence Perturbations Measured With CMOS Pixel Sensors
Fiducial markers are used for image guidance to verify the correct positioning of the target for the case of tumors that can suffer interfractional motion during proton therapy. The markers should be visible on daily imaging, but at the same time, they should produce minimal streak artifacts in the...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Oncology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2022.830080/full |
| _version_ | 1818775039073320960 |
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| author | Claire-Anne Reidel Felix Horst Christoph Schuy Oliver Jäkel Oliver Jäkel Swantje Ecker Katrin Henkner Stephan Brons Marco Durante Marco Durante Uli Weber |
| author_facet | Claire-Anne Reidel Felix Horst Christoph Schuy Oliver Jäkel Oliver Jäkel Swantje Ecker Katrin Henkner Stephan Brons Marco Durante Marco Durante Uli Weber |
| author_sort | Claire-Anne Reidel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fiducial markers are used for image guidance to verify the correct positioning of the target for the case of tumors that can suffer interfractional motion during proton therapy. The markers should be visible on daily imaging, but at the same time, they should produce minimal streak artifacts in the CT scans for treatment planning and induce only slight dose perturbations during particle therapy. In this work, these three criteria were experimentally investigated at the Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center. Several small fiducial markers with different geometries and materials (gold, platinum, and carbon-coated ZrO2) were evaluated. The streak artifacts on treatment planning CT were measured with and without iMAR correction, showing significantly smaller artifacts from markers lighter than 6 mg and a clear improvement with iMAR correction. Daily imaging as X-ray projections and in-room mobile CT were also performed. Markers heavier than 6 mg showed a better contrast in the X-ray projections, whereas on the images from the in-room mobile CT, all markers were clearly visible. In the other part of this work, fluence perturbations of proton beams were measured for the same markers by using a tracker system of several high spatial resolution CMOS pixel sensors. The measurements were performed for single-energy beams, as well as for a spread-out Bragg peak. Three-dimensional fluence distributions were computed after reconstructing all particle trajectories. These measurements clearly showed that the ZrO2 markers and the low-mass gold/platinum markers (0.35mm diameter) induce perturbations being 2–3 times lower than the heavier gold or platinum markers of 0.5mm diameter. Monte Carlo simulations, using the FLUKA code, were used to compute dose distributions and showed good agreement with the experimental data after adjusting the phase space of the simulated proton beam compared to the experimental beam. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-18T10:50:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-33c3ed0f4596459e8aef1c1980758a7d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2234-943X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T10:50:42Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Oncology |
| spelling | doaj.art-33c3ed0f4596459e8aef1c1980758a7d2022-12-21T21:10:28ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Oncology2234-943X2022-03-011210.3389/fonc.2022.830080830080Experimental Comparison of Fiducial Markers Used in Proton Therapy: Study of Different Imaging Modalities and Proton Fluence Perturbations Measured With CMOS Pixel SensorsClaire-Anne Reidel0Felix Horst1Christoph Schuy2Oliver Jäkel3Oliver Jäkel4Swantje Ecker5Katrin Henkner6Stephan Brons7Marco Durante8Marco Durante9Uli Weber10Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, GermanyBiophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, GermanyBiophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, GermanyDivision of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, GermanyHeidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, GermanyHeidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, GermanyHeidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, GermanyHeidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, GermanyBiophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, GermanyInstitut für Physik Kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, GermanyBiophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, GermanyFiducial markers are used for image guidance to verify the correct positioning of the target for the case of tumors that can suffer interfractional motion during proton therapy. The markers should be visible on daily imaging, but at the same time, they should produce minimal streak artifacts in the CT scans for treatment planning and induce only slight dose perturbations during particle therapy. In this work, these three criteria were experimentally investigated at the Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center. Several small fiducial markers with different geometries and materials (gold, platinum, and carbon-coated ZrO2) were evaluated. The streak artifacts on treatment planning CT were measured with and without iMAR correction, showing significantly smaller artifacts from markers lighter than 6 mg and a clear improvement with iMAR correction. Daily imaging as X-ray projections and in-room mobile CT were also performed. Markers heavier than 6 mg showed a better contrast in the X-ray projections, whereas on the images from the in-room mobile CT, all markers were clearly visible. In the other part of this work, fluence perturbations of proton beams were measured for the same markers by using a tracker system of several high spatial resolution CMOS pixel sensors. The measurements were performed for single-energy beams, as well as for a spread-out Bragg peak. Three-dimensional fluence distributions were computed after reconstructing all particle trajectories. These measurements clearly showed that the ZrO2 markers and the low-mass gold/platinum markers (0.35mm diameter) induce perturbations being 2–3 times lower than the heavier gold or platinum markers of 0.5mm diameter. Monte Carlo simulations, using the FLUKA code, were used to compute dose distributions and showed good agreement with the experimental data after adjusting the phase space of the simulated proton beam compared to the experimental beam.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2022.830080/fullfiducial markerdose perturbationproton therapyCMOS pixel sensorimage guidancestreak artifacts |
| spellingShingle | Claire-Anne Reidel Felix Horst Christoph Schuy Oliver Jäkel Oliver Jäkel Swantje Ecker Katrin Henkner Stephan Brons Marco Durante Marco Durante Uli Weber Experimental Comparison of Fiducial Markers Used in Proton Therapy: Study of Different Imaging Modalities and Proton Fluence Perturbations Measured With CMOS Pixel Sensors Frontiers in Oncology fiducial marker dose perturbation proton therapy CMOS pixel sensor image guidance streak artifacts |
| title | Experimental Comparison of Fiducial Markers Used in Proton Therapy: Study of Different Imaging Modalities and Proton Fluence Perturbations Measured With CMOS Pixel Sensors |
| title_full | Experimental Comparison of Fiducial Markers Used in Proton Therapy: Study of Different Imaging Modalities and Proton Fluence Perturbations Measured With CMOS Pixel Sensors |
| title_fullStr | Experimental Comparison of Fiducial Markers Used in Proton Therapy: Study of Different Imaging Modalities and Proton Fluence Perturbations Measured With CMOS Pixel Sensors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental Comparison of Fiducial Markers Used in Proton Therapy: Study of Different Imaging Modalities and Proton Fluence Perturbations Measured With CMOS Pixel Sensors |
| title_short | Experimental Comparison of Fiducial Markers Used in Proton Therapy: Study of Different Imaging Modalities and Proton Fluence Perturbations Measured With CMOS Pixel Sensors |
| title_sort | experimental comparison of fiducial markers used in proton therapy study of different imaging modalities and proton fluence perturbations measured with cmos pixel sensors |
| topic | fiducial marker dose perturbation proton therapy CMOS pixel sensor image guidance streak artifacts |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2022.830080/full |
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