Pulmonary Immune Dysregulation and Viral Persistence During HIV Infection
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV continue to suffer from high burdens of respiratory infections, lung cancers and chronic lung disease at a higher rate than the general population. The lung mucosa, a previously neglected HIV reservoir site, is of particular...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.808722/full |
| _version_ | 1828123447583047680 |
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| author | Yulia Alexandrova Yulia Alexandrova Yulia Alexandrova Cecilia T. Costiniuk Cecilia T. Costiniuk Cecilia T. Costiniuk Mohammad-Ali Jenabian |
| author_facet | Yulia Alexandrova Yulia Alexandrova Yulia Alexandrova Cecilia T. Costiniuk Cecilia T. Costiniuk Cecilia T. Costiniuk Mohammad-Ali Jenabian |
| author_sort | Yulia Alexandrova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV continue to suffer from high burdens of respiratory infections, lung cancers and chronic lung disease at a higher rate than the general population. The lung mucosa, a previously neglected HIV reservoir site, is of particular importance in this phenomenon. Because ART does not eliminate the virus, residual levels of HIV that remain in deep tissues lead to chronic immune activation and pulmonary inflammatory pathologies. In turn, continuous pulmonary and systemic inflammation cause immune cell exhaustion and pulmonary immune dysregulation, creating a pro-inflammatory environment ideal for HIV reservoir persistence. Moreover, smoking, gut and lung dysbiosis and co-infections further fuel the vicious cycle of residual viral replication which, in turn, contributes to inflammation and immune cell proliferation, further maintaining the HIV reservoir. Herein, we discuss the recent evidence supporting the notion that the lungs serve as an HIV viral reservoir. We will explore how smoking, changes in the microbiome, and common co-infections seen in PLWH contribute to HIV persistence, pulmonary immune dysregulation, and high rates of infectious and non-infectious lung disease among these individuals. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T14:52:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-33c5b72990ec4ea2ad128ad09f1c4666 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T14:52:37Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-33c5b72990ec4ea2ad128ad09f1c46662022-12-22T04:17:23ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242022-01-011210.3389/fimmu.2021.808722808722Pulmonary Immune Dysregulation and Viral Persistence During HIV InfectionYulia Alexandrova0Yulia Alexandrova1Yulia Alexandrova2Cecilia T. Costiniuk3Cecilia T. Costiniuk4Cecilia T. Costiniuk5Mohammad-Ali Jenabian6Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, CanadaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, CanadaDepartment of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, CanadaInfectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, CanadaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, CanadaDivision of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, CanadaDepartment of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, CanadaDespite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV continue to suffer from high burdens of respiratory infections, lung cancers and chronic lung disease at a higher rate than the general population. The lung mucosa, a previously neglected HIV reservoir site, is of particular importance in this phenomenon. Because ART does not eliminate the virus, residual levels of HIV that remain in deep tissues lead to chronic immune activation and pulmonary inflammatory pathologies. In turn, continuous pulmonary and systemic inflammation cause immune cell exhaustion and pulmonary immune dysregulation, creating a pro-inflammatory environment ideal for HIV reservoir persistence. Moreover, smoking, gut and lung dysbiosis and co-infections further fuel the vicious cycle of residual viral replication which, in turn, contributes to inflammation and immune cell proliferation, further maintaining the HIV reservoir. Herein, we discuss the recent evidence supporting the notion that the lungs serve as an HIV viral reservoir. We will explore how smoking, changes in the microbiome, and common co-infections seen in PLWH contribute to HIV persistence, pulmonary immune dysregulation, and high rates of infectious and non-infectious lung disease among these individuals.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.808722/fullHIVHIV reservoirpulmonary immunitylungsalveolar macrophagesCD8 T-cell dysfunction |
| spellingShingle | Yulia Alexandrova Yulia Alexandrova Yulia Alexandrova Cecilia T. Costiniuk Cecilia T. Costiniuk Cecilia T. Costiniuk Mohammad-Ali Jenabian Pulmonary Immune Dysregulation and Viral Persistence During HIV Infection Frontiers in Immunology HIV HIV reservoir pulmonary immunity lungs alveolar macrophages CD8 T-cell dysfunction |
| title | Pulmonary Immune Dysregulation and Viral Persistence During HIV Infection |
| title_full | Pulmonary Immune Dysregulation and Viral Persistence During HIV Infection |
| title_fullStr | Pulmonary Immune Dysregulation and Viral Persistence During HIV Infection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pulmonary Immune Dysregulation and Viral Persistence During HIV Infection |
| title_short | Pulmonary Immune Dysregulation and Viral Persistence During HIV Infection |
| title_sort | pulmonary immune dysregulation and viral persistence during hiv infection |
| topic | HIV HIV reservoir pulmonary immunity lungs alveolar macrophages CD8 T-cell dysfunction |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.808722/full |
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