Current Trends in Circulating Biomarkers for Melanoma Detection

Melanomas have increased in global incidence and are the leading cause of skin cancer deaths. Whilst the majority of early-stage, non-metastatic melanomas can be cured with surgical excision alone, ~5% of patients with early melanomas will experience recurrence following a variable disease-free inte...

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Main Authors: Nancy Huang, Katie J. Lee, Mitchell S. Stark
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-04-01
Series:Frontiers in Medicine
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.873728/full
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author Nancy Huang
Katie J. Lee
Mitchell S. Stark
author_facet Nancy Huang
Katie J. Lee
Mitchell S. Stark
author_sort Nancy Huang
collection DOAJ
description Melanomas have increased in global incidence and are the leading cause of skin cancer deaths. Whilst the majority of early-stage, non-metastatic melanomas can be cured with surgical excision alone, ~5% of patients with early melanomas will experience recurrence following a variable disease-free interval and progression to metastatic melanoma and ultimately death. This is likely because of primary tumor heterogeneity and progressive clonal divergency resulting in the growth of more aggressive tumor populations. Liquid biomarkers have the advantage of real-time, non-invasive longitudinal monitoring of tumor burden and heterogeneity over tissue markers. Currently, the only serological marker used in the staging and monitoring of melanoma is serum lactate dehydrogenase, which is not sufficiently specific or sensitive, and is not used routinely in all centers. An ideal melanoma biomarker would be used to identify patients who are at high-risk of primary melanoma, screen for relapse, detect early-stage melanoma, provide treatment outcomes to personalize systemic treatment, follow tumor heterogeneity, provide prognostic data before, during and after treatment, and monitor response to treatment. This review provides a summary of the current research in this field with a specific focus on circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, microRNA, and extracellular vesicles which may serve to suit these goals.
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spelling doaj.art-33dd9f70eceb4901bd97fcc8d9b445252022-12-22T03:03:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Medicine2296-858X2022-04-01910.3389/fmed.2022.873728873728Current Trends in Circulating Biomarkers for Melanoma DetectionNancy HuangKatie J. LeeMitchell S. StarkMelanomas have increased in global incidence and are the leading cause of skin cancer deaths. Whilst the majority of early-stage, non-metastatic melanomas can be cured with surgical excision alone, ~5% of patients with early melanomas will experience recurrence following a variable disease-free interval and progression to metastatic melanoma and ultimately death. This is likely because of primary tumor heterogeneity and progressive clonal divergency resulting in the growth of more aggressive tumor populations. Liquid biomarkers have the advantage of real-time, non-invasive longitudinal monitoring of tumor burden and heterogeneity over tissue markers. Currently, the only serological marker used in the staging and monitoring of melanoma is serum lactate dehydrogenase, which is not sufficiently specific or sensitive, and is not used routinely in all centers. An ideal melanoma biomarker would be used to identify patients who are at high-risk of primary melanoma, screen for relapse, detect early-stage melanoma, provide treatment outcomes to personalize systemic treatment, follow tumor heterogeneity, provide prognostic data before, during and after treatment, and monitor response to treatment. This review provides a summary of the current research in this field with a specific focus on circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, microRNA, and extracellular vesicles which may serve to suit these goals.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.873728/fullmelanomabiomarkerCTC (circulation tumor cells)ctDNA (circulating tumor DNA)miRNA—microRNAextracellular vesicles (EVs)
spellingShingle Nancy Huang
Katie J. Lee
Mitchell S. Stark
Current Trends in Circulating Biomarkers for Melanoma Detection
Frontiers in Medicine
melanoma
biomarker
CTC (circulation tumor cells)
ctDNA (circulating tumor DNA)
miRNA—microRNA
extracellular vesicles (EVs)
title Current Trends in Circulating Biomarkers for Melanoma Detection
title_full Current Trends in Circulating Biomarkers for Melanoma Detection
title_fullStr Current Trends in Circulating Biomarkers for Melanoma Detection
title_full_unstemmed Current Trends in Circulating Biomarkers for Melanoma Detection
title_short Current Trends in Circulating Biomarkers for Melanoma Detection
title_sort current trends in circulating biomarkers for melanoma detection
topic melanoma
biomarker
CTC (circulation tumor cells)
ctDNA (circulating tumor DNA)
miRNA—microRNA
extracellular vesicles (EVs)
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.873728/full
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